Gametogenesis, fertilization and implantation

9 important questions on Gametogenesis, fertilization and implantation

What are the two major classes of prenatal diagnosis techniques?

Invasive and non-invasive testing

What are the stages of human embryonic development?

  • cleavage and initiation of implantation (1st week)
          - fertilised oocyte, also called zygote, undergoes cleavage
          - embryo transport through the uterine horn to the uterine wall
          - nestling in the uterine wall
  • bilaminar embryo and full implantation (2nd week)
  • trilaminar embryo by gastrulation (3rd week)
  • embryonic period (4th to 8th week)
  • foetal period, everything except the lungs and urogenital system are present (8th week to birth)
         - marked by growth rather than development

What happens when implantation takes place?

The pregnancy has officially taken place and the placental tissue begins to secrete the hormone hCG. Implantation may occur at about seven to ten days after ovulation.
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What is the zona pellucida?

The thick transparent membrane surrounding the mammalian ovum before implantation.

What is the zona radiata?

The surrounding of the zona pellucida, is rough in texture.

What will the Heuser's membrane become eventually?

The chorion: the chorion is part of the extra-embryonic mesoderm. Since gastrulation has not been initiated, there is no mesoderm in the bilaminar embryo (9 days). Chorionic villi are also part of this extra-embryonic mesoderm.

What is the pincing off of the yolk sac called and what will it develop in eventually?

The pincing off of the yolk sac into the forming body stalk is balled the allantois, and will develop into a sort of waste bin and eventually the gut.

In which things will the cytotrophoblast develop?

Amnioblasts, the lining of the first yolksac and the extra-embryonic mesoderm.

What are the (4) extraembryonic membranes and what is their function?

  • Yolk sac
    • surrounds the yolk
    • mediates nutrition during development
    • haemotopoiesis - formation of blood islands and beginning of the blood supply
    • formation of germ cells
  • Amnion
    • surrounds the embryo with amniotic fluid
      • prevents dehydration
      • cushion for mechanical shocks
      • regulation of temperature - mostly in birds
  • Chorion
    • surrounds the yolk and the embryo
    • mediates exchange of gases between the embryo and the surrounding air
  • Allantois
    • functions as a disposal sac for certain metabolic waste products
    • works together with the chorion as an initial respiratory organ

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