Leadership development

18 important questions on Leadership development

What is the criticism on the measures of EI?

There are significant correlations among them, so do they even measure different things, they also have correlations with personality traits and intelligence and self-report measures aren’t always reliable. It has also been shown that EI doesn’t have incremental value on leadership effectiveness after controlling for the Big Five and cognitive ability.

The four-branch model of emotional intelligence is an ability model of EI from Mayer & Salovey(1997). Which steps does it contain?

1. Managing emotions so as to attain specific goals.
2. Understanding emotions, emotional language, and the signals conveyed by emotions.
3. Using emotions to facilitate thinking.
4. Perceiving emotions accurately in oneself and others.

What are the biggest points of criticism on theories on emotional intelligence?

- Conceptual unclarity: what’s new? (overlap with other traits and abilities) Does it have incremental validity? (prediction of behavior over and above other traits/abilities)
- Measurement: what is truly right or wrong in reading emotions?
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What is the Dunning-Kruger effect?

The inability of people to recognize their lack of ability. This obviously has an effect on self-report measurements of emotional intelligence. Confidence goes from low to high fast, after this slowly down and back up according to the graph.

Self-leadership entails 3 ways of managing oneself(Neck & Houghton, 2006):

1. Behavior-focused strategies: (a) self-observation of behaviors that require modification, (b) self-goal setting, (c) self-reward, and (d) self-correcting feedback
2. Natural reward strategies: creating situations in which a person is motivated or rewarded by inherently enjoying aspects of the task
3. Constructive thought pattern strategies: replacing dysfunctional thought patterns with positive self-talk and mental imagery

What is leadership development?

Expanding the collective capacity of organizational members to engage effectively in leadership roles and processes → social capital

What is leader development?

Expanding individual-based knowledge, skills, and abilities associated with formal leadership roles → human capital

What are the 6 development practices?

1. 360-degree feedback
2. Executive coaching
3. Mentoring
4. Networking
5. Job assignments
6. Action learning

What is 360-degree feedback, what is the focus, what are the advantages and disadvantages?

- Systematic collection of perceptions of an individual’s performance from the entire circle of relevant viewpoints
- Focus: human capital
- Advantages: provide a complete and accurate picture, broad participation
- Disadvantages: overwhelming amount of data, no guidance or support regarding how to change, time and effort

What is executive coaching, what is the focus, what are the advantages and disadvantages?

- Practical, goal-focused forms of one-on-one learning and behavioral change
- Focus: human capital
- Advantages: personalized, intensive (on-going process)
- Disadvantages: perceived stigma, time and money

What is mentoring, what is the focus, what are the advantages and disadvantages?

- More senior manager provides support and advice
- Focus: human capital
- Advantages: strong personal bond
- Disadvantages: peer jealousy, overdependence

What is networking, what is the focus, what are the advantages and disadvantages?

- Development activities aimed at fostering broader individual networks
- Focus: social capital
- Advantages: fosters peer relations, builds organization
- Disadvantages: ad-hoc, unstructured

What are job assignments, what is the focus, what are the advantages and disadvantages?

- Development through job experiences (e.g., promotion)
- Focus: human capital
- Advantages: job relevant, accelerates learning
- Disadvantages: conflict between performance and development, no structure for learning

What is action learning, what is the focus, what are the advantages and disadvantages?

- Project-based learning and reflection, supported by colleagues
- Focus: human and social capital
- Advantages: tied to business goals, action-oriented
- Disadvantages: time intensive, leadership lessons not always clear, over-emphasis on results

Are leader- and leadership development programs effective?

There is little empirical evidence that supports the effectiveness of any of the practices. Advice would be to combine leader- and leadership development programs and the entire organization should be involved and the practices should focus on an overall developmental purpose.

What is the model of Kirkpatrick’s levels?

This model is used to evaluate the effectiveness of development programs and each successive level indicates a more precise measure of the effectiveness of the program.

What are the levels of Kirkpatrick's model?

1. Reaction: this is measuring people’s reactions to the program.
2. Learning: this entails measuring what the trainees have learned and what they haven’t learned.
3. Behavior: this is measuring if people actually put into practice what they have learned.
4. Results: this is measuring the final results of the training, such as organizational outcomes (e.g. ROI)

What is the Sinners & Saints Model? 5 different players

1. Sinners: High performers, Ignore values, Self oriented and bonus driven.
2. Country club: Low performers and Ignore values.
3. Saints: Act conform values, Low performance, Keep or Exit
4. Stars/A-Players: High performers, Act conform values, Ambitious, Leave soon.
5. B-Players: Bring stability, Continuous performance improvement, Embrace and protect values.

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