Dimensions and types
19 important questions on Dimensions and types
Which types of latent variables are there?
- Continuous latent variables; like intelligence
- discrete latent variables; disorders
For both discrete- and continuous latent variables you can measure discrete and continuous observable variables. Which models do you use for certain combinations?
- Discrete OV, cont. LV; item response models
- discrete OV, discrete. LV; latent class analysis
- cont. OV, LV; factor models
- cont. OV, discrete LV; mixture models
How does the factor analysis work?
- Certain (scores on) observed variables are correlated with each other.
- these correlations are explained by certain latent variables (the factors)
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Describe the formula of a factor analysis.
X1=a11F1+a12F2+E1- X1 is an observed variable
- F1 and F2 are the latent variables
- a11 and a12 are numbers that determine the weight of the input of a latent variable, so it could be that F1 contributes more than F2.
- E is error
How does factor analysis influence theories?
- Our theories are adapted to our statistical toolset
- why come up with theories that can't be tested.
What is a major con of the factor analysis, and the way it influences theories?
- If you only think in terms of factor analysis you can only think in terms of gradual dimensional continuous factors
- while a lot of times in psychology traits are portrayed as a discrete, types, variable
What is often a problem with defining a construct in terms of discrete or continuity?
- Example of dyslexia
- Is dyslexia a separated category or the 5% worst readers in the normal distribution?
How can this problem be portrayed?
What are reasons to portray individual differences as types?
- Discrete causes have discrete effects;
- brain damage, genetic differences, environmental differences (type of schooling, bullying)
- these cause people to be different.
- or lack of discrete causes can be compensated by more complex system causing discrete effects.
What do we mean by phase transitions?
a phase transition is when a system changes from one stable state to another.
Describe phase transitions in terms of states of water.
- Water can be gas, liquid, or solid.
- you can change temperature very slowly, but at some point a minor change can have major effects.
What are some criteria for phase transitions?
- Bimodality
- hysteresis
Which criteria pf phase transitions is described; under the same circumstances, two or more stable states are possible (business card example).
How do we call the dependence of the state of a system on it's history? So ice melts at a different temp than it freezes.
How do we know humans are complex systems?
What is the principle of mixture models?
- The distribution of data is not described by one distribution
- the data is described by multiple distributions, a weighted sum f distributions (average)
How in this picture is the observable and latent variable shown?
- The weighted distribution (black) fits the data best.
- the data is measured continuous (OV)
- the different colored lines indicate the categories of the latent variable.
What is the principle of a latent class model?
- Propose the amount of expected classes of your data to the computer
- program returns the proportion of the classes and what the conditional probability of a correct item is given an individual is in a class.
- using this information compute expected values for your data and perform a chi squared test.
- if the test is not significant, the class model is accepted.
How can you combine distinctive and continuous views?
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