Processes of transport and sedimentary structures - The Behaviour of Fluids and Particles in Fluids - Clast-size variations: graded bedding
12 important questions on Processes of transport and sedimentary structures - The Behaviour of Fluids and Particles in Fluids - Clast-size variations: graded bedding
Considering grading, what should be considered for proper distinction?
It is useful to draw a distinction between grading
that is a trend in grain size within a single bed and
trends in grain size that occur through a number of
beds.
Explain the difference between normal and reverse grading
Reverse: pattern of increase in average size from base to top (coarsening up)
When does normal grading sequence occur?
- settling of particles out of suspension
- a consequence of a decrease in flow strength through time
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What does the Stokes Law explain in the context of sedimentology, grading and settling?
- the size of the particle
- the difference in the density between the particle and the fluid
- the fluid viscosity
Why does grading occur considering a water flow and different sized particles?
Grading of particles results from sediment falling out of suspension in standing water.
What is one downside about the Stokes Law when determining settling velocities of particles?
Stokes Law only accurately predicts the settling
velocity of small grains (fine sand or less)
because turbulence created by the drag of larger
grains falling through the fluid reduces the velocity.
What are important factors considering the drag effect in settling velocities of various particles sizes?
Shape of particles: the drag effect is greater for plate-like clasts and they therefore fall more slowly
A flow decreasing in velocity from 20 cm/s to 1 cm/s will initially deposit... (name the order of 3 types of clasts as velocity decreases). What type of grading is the result?
coarse sand but will progressively deposit medium and fine sand as the velocity drops.
Normal grading
What type of grading will be the result of an increase in velocity - name this for both an abrupt increase and a gradual increase?
Abrupt: reverse grading
Gradual: reverse grading is less common
Name 4 examples of situations in which normal grading (fining up) occurs:
- Turbidity current deposits
- Storms on continental shelves
- Overbank flooding in fluvial environments
- Delta-top settings
For which sedimentary structure do you use the term grading and when do you use fining/coarsening upward?
A single bed: grading
Number of beds: fining/coarsening upward
Can a sequence be both fining upward and have reversed grain beds?
there can be circumstances where individual beds are
normally graded but are in a coarsening-up succession
of beds.
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