Summary: Social Affective Neurosciences

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• Lecture 1 - History of Emotions 1

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• How are emotions different from basic drives?

  Basic drives reflect needs of the body.
  Emotions are responses to external stimuli

• What are the 7 accepted components of emotions?

  - Response to stimulus
  - Judgement of a stimulus
  - Physiological 
  - Motivation
  - Motor expression
  - Feelings

• What was Herbet Spencer's modern view of emotions?

  Highlighting the links between cognition, emotion & memory
  - Different sides of the same psychical phenomena
  -  No cognition without emotion, no emotion without cognition

• What did Charles Darwin show about emotions?

  - Physical expression of emotion in humans & animals (most objective measure)
  
  - Emtions are innate:  Emotional expressions are similar across cultures & species
  
  - Some emotions in adults still useful tohers not (crying, gaze aversion in shame)

• How was the universality of facial expressions studies (Ekman & Friesen)?

  Papua New Guineans: Isolated tribe
  - No written language
  - No photo's, outsiders, magazines or television
  
  Let them match face in photograph & tell short emotional stories.
  They were able to express alot of the same emotional of westerners --> Universality

• Can emotions be just innate? (universal, same responses etc.)

  Emotional experience & expression varies between situation, people & cultures.
  
  But:
  - Basic theories explain this with modification through learning & development

• What is the James-Lange bodily theory of emotions?

  Emotions are accompanied by changes in the body.
  - Changes in autonomic nervous system 
  
  James-Lange: Stimulus --> bodily response --> Feeling
  
  (Bodily changes influence our sensory cortex)

• What are problems with the James-Lange theory of emotions?

  Specificity
  Latency

• What is Damasio's somatic marker theory?

  Somatic markers: Bodily changes in response to a stimulus (muscle tonus, posture, facial, hormones etc.)
  
  - Somatic markers transmitted to the brain are transformed into emotions
  
  - Emotions & somatic markers become associated with stimulus.
  
  Conclusions:
  - Emotions can guide adaptive behaviour
  - Loop: Brain can anticipate bodily changes --> No need to wait for actual changes to happen

• What is the difference between Arnol'ds cognitive Appraisal theory and & basic emotion theories? And the difference with James-Lange theory?

  Arnold: Stimulus --> Appraisal --> Emotion --> Action
  
  Inconsistent with basic emotion theories: Context can alter which emotion is experienced     
  
  Inconsistent with James: Emotions are not the perception of bodily changes but depend on interpretation of situation