Depression & Development
33 important questions on Depression & Development
What are the 3 types of depressive episodes?
- Recurrent (36%)
- Chronic (32%)
What is the evidence on depression having a genetic component?
Children of depressed parents at risk to have depression (but s this genetic?)
What is 5-HTTLPR? & What are the findings?
- Modulates amygdala reactivity
- Modulates responses to stress & threat
This has a gene-envorionment interaction: slide 350
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What is the monoamine hypothesis of depression?
- Less serotonine synthesis
What was the initial evidence in favour of the monoamine hypothesis?
- Catecholamine-depletion (reserpine, diet) can induce depression-like symptoms
- Animal studies showed weight loss, sleep deficit, & less exploratory behavior(5HT depletion)
Why can't the monoamine hypothesis be correct?
- 5HT depletion does not induce depressive symptoms
- SSRI & SNRI affect synaptic concentrations within hours, but effect takes weeks.
- Drug (tianepine) that decreases synaptic concentrations of serotonin (SSRE) works against depression
What is the HPA stress axis? What happens in depression?
Negative feedback loop.
Hyperactivity in depression
What did neuroimaging show about the HPA axis in depression?
Pituitary gland enlargement
Adrenal hypertrophy
What happens to hormones in the HPA axis in depression?
Elevated plasma cortisol
What happens to the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex in depression?
39% reduced gray matter
- Deep brain stimulation in 6 depressed patients = 4/6 depression remission (reduced activity)
- But follow ups less succesful
What are some activity patterns we see in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex?
- Low activity after SSRI in depressed parkinson's
- Low activity during chronic SSRI treatment in depression
- Low activity after natural recovery following placebo
- Low activity when responding to therapy for social phobia
- Low activity can predict response to CBT
What are some brain activity patterns we see in amygdala (depression)?
Low gray matter volume in 5-HTTPLR short allele
High regional blood flow in depression
High activity predicts response to CBT
What did meta-analysis on fMRI & PET experiments show about depression & other ilnesses?
- No schizofrenia center
- No significant differences between diagnoses
- Decoding from brain images seems possible
What could be the future of research into depression?
- Clustering patients according to abnormal function connectivity patterns in resting-state networks
- Depression-related components can show other functional connectivity patterns
How could you cluster patients using brain-based biomarkers?
- Different responses to TSM treatment --> Different biotypes (Personalized?)
Adults are drawn to what facial characteristics in infants?
Big head
Small nose
Bulging craniums
What are baby's innate looking preferences?
- Naturally lit faces
- Non-inverted faces
White pingpong thingies with dark eye & mouth!!! (Suggests contrast)
Is there mimicry a few days after birth?
What happens in the first few weeks of emotion development?
- Recognize parents faces
- Emotional responses & facial expressions become more graded (Learning & maturation?)
- Social smiles after 8 weeks
What happens rougly 8 weeks after birth when talking about emotional development?
What happens after 6 months in emotional development?
- Strong attachment to main caregiver (separated = distress, reunited = joy)
- Bowlby: Problems with secure attachment may result in mental disorders later
- Harlow: Wooly mother over food-providing mother
Why does attachment happen 6 months after birth?
Allows for safe exploration of environment
What happens after 9 months in emotional development?
What are the 4 different facets of joint attention in infants?
- Gaze following: Understanding of intention
- Pointing: Sharing a reference
- Social referencing: Looking at caregiver for guidance in novel situations
What is the visual cliff experiment & what does an infants behavior depend on?
- Exploring depends on social referencing
What does self-awareness coincide with?
- at 18 months: display & discriminate basic facial expressions
- > 18 months: First development of social emotions (guilt, pride, shame, embarrassment)
How is self-awareness measured?
An infant of 1-2 years sees someone stressing, how would it react?
What is the difference between a 3 & 4 year old when talking about theory of mind>
4: Mastering of standard false believe task
Sally-Anne task:
- <4 Sally will look in anne's box
- 4 years: Sally will look in Sally's box
What is synaptogenesis & where does it lag behind?
Lags behind in the prefrontal cortex
What is the influence of synaptogenesis lagging behind in the prefrontal cortex?
- Impulsion inhibition
- Goal-directed behavior
- Mentalizing in adolesence
Where does gray matter get lost first in adolesence?
Later: PFC
According on emotions in older people, they:
More emotionally stable
Feel less stress, worry, anger & live more in the moment .
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