Understanding others

11 important questions on Understanding others

What is empathy according to theory of mind & what are it's measures?

Definition: Knowing another persons internal state, thoughts & feelings (not necessarily sharing this state)

Measure: theory of mind tests, false believe tasks

What is empathy according to mirroring/simulation & how do you measure it according to mirroring/simulation?

Definition: Adopting the posture or matching neural response of an observed other

Measurment: Mirror neuron system, perception-action coupling

What is emotional empathy & what are it's measures?

Definition: Having emotional reaction to someone else's situation, although it doesn't have to be the same emotion.

Measurement: Questionaire subscales
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What is emotion according to perspective taking & how do you measure it according to perspective taking?

Definition:
-  Imagining how I would feel/react in situation
- Imagining how other person would feel/react in that situation

Measurement: Questionaire subscales

What is remarkable about the empathy for pain research using couples in fMRI?

It's fake as fuck --> Voodoo correlations

What evidence for empathy of pain is supported now?

Simulation, not motor.

- Empathy for pain is mediated by simulating pain, not by simulating motor behaviour
- No mirror system activity
- Simulation without motor representations as a linking step

Is empathy for pain fully automatic?

No, beliefs can influence simulation mechanisms.
- Fair/unfair actors receiving shocks
 

Men:
- Less activity in fronto-insular cortex when unfair player gets pain  
- Activate reward/pleasure circuits seeing unfair players im pain

What are neural correlates of Theory of Mind?

- Temporal poles
- mPFC
- Tempero-parietal junction (TPJ)

What tasks besides Sally-Anne task measure theory of mind?

RMET: Reading the mind in the eyes
Inferences about mental states based on media (stories, cartoon, interactive games etc.)

The temporal poles are activated in semantic memory. For what concepts is it activated more?

Social concepts vs non-social concepts
- Involved in theory of mind

The mPFC is involved in theory of mind. When is there more activity?

More activity when:
- Thinking about people vs objects
- Mentalizing (minds) vs non-mentalyzing (physical) judgements
- Playing game vs other person than vs  computer

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