Political Liberalism
38 important questions on Political Liberalism
What is the question Rawls offer to constitute and regulate a liberal society?
How is it possible for there to exist over time a just and stable society of free and equal citizens, who remain profoundly divided by reasonable religious, philosophical and moral doctrines?
Which are definitely deeply opposed in these ways, but just cooperation among free and equal citizens is possible at all.
Which are definitely deeply opposed in these ways, but just cooperation among free and equal citizens is possible at all.
According Rawls, there should be asked a question about political justice in a democratic society; what does he question?
What is the most appropriate conception of justice for specifying the fair terms of social cooperation between citizens regarded as free and equal, and as fully cooperating members of society over a complete life (closed society) from one generation to the next?
Which diversity in traditions can we dig up in the history of demarcating thinking, according Constant?
1. The liberties of the moderns; - freedom of thought and conscience, certain basic rights of the person and property and the rule of law - which is associated with John Locke.
2. The liberties of the ancients; - the equal political liberties and the values of public life - which is associated with Rousseau.
The religious doctrines that in previous centuries were the professed basis of society have gradually given way to principles of constitutional government that all citizens, whatever their religious view can endorse.
2. The liberties of the ancients; - the equal political liberties and the values of public life - which is associated with Rousseau.
The religious doctrines that in previous centuries were the professed basis of society have gradually given way to principles of constitutional government that all citizens, whatever their religious view can endorse.
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The content of liberal political conception of justice contains 3 features:
1. Specification of certain basic rights, liberties and opportunities;
2. Assignment of special priority to those rights, liberties and opportunities, especially with respect to claims of the general good and of perfectionist values;
3. Measures assuring to all citizens adequate all-purpose Eans to make effective use of their liberties and opportunities.
2. Assignment of special priority to those rights, liberties and opportunities, especially with respect to claims of the general good and of perfectionist values;
3. Measures assuring to all citizens adequate all-purpose Eans to make effective use of their liberties and opportunities.
The two principles of justice express an egalitarian form of liberalism in virtue of three elements:
1. Guaranty of the fair value of the political liberties (not pure formal);
2. Fair equality of opportunity;
3. Difference principle.
2. Fair equality of opportunity;
3. Difference principle.
For cooperation we need fair terms; three reasons what makes a term fair?
1. To determine what are fair terms we need the original position;
2. A term would be fair, if and only if, it would be viewed from people who are behind the field of ignorance (people in OP);
3. Something is fair when, when everyone is free and equal and accessible (2 principles of justice)
2. A term would be fair, if and only if, it would be viewed from people who are behind the field of ignorance (people in OP);
3. Something is fair when, when everyone is free and equal and accessible (2 principles of justice)
How might political philosophy find a SHARED BASIS for settling such a fundamental question as that of the most appropriate family of institutions to secure democratic liberty and equality?
1. To narrow the range of disagreement - only allowing basic principles to get the biggest agreement;
2 Collect settled convictions from the public culture as the shared fund of implicity recognized basic ideas and principles;
3. Try to organize these ideas and principles into a coherent political conception of justice.
2 Collect settled convictions from the public culture as the shared fund of implicity recognized basic ideas and principles;
3. Try to organize these ideas and principles into a coherent political conception of justice.
What is a Reflective Equilibrium?
The political conception of justice must accord with our considered convictions, at all levels of generality, on due reflection.
The public culture itself is seen here as the shared fund of implicitly recognized basic ideas and principles.
The public culture itself is seen here as the shared fund of implicitly recognized basic ideas and principles.
Justice as fairness has its features - which are they?
Society as a fair system of social cooperation between free and equal persons viewed as fully cooperating members of society over a complete life.
According Rawls: Free, equal and accessible.
According Rawls: Free, equal and accessible.
What is the benefit of justice as fairness in common?
Society's main institutions and how they fit together into one system of social cooperation can be assessed in the same way by each citizen, whatever that citizen's social position or more particular interests.
What is the aim of justice as fairness?
It is practical:
1. It presents itself as a conception of justice that may be shared by citizens as a basis of a reasoned, informed, and willing political agreement.
2. It expresses their shared and public political reasons.
1. It presents itself as a conception of justice that may be shared by citizens as a basis of a reasoned, informed, and willing political agreement.
2. It expresses their shared and public political reasons.
Justice as fairness in achieving its aims as follows:
1. Society's main system is the social cooperation, which can be assessed by each citizen
2. A public acceptable political conception is found in order to get a publicly recognized point of view to examine one another whether their political and social institutions are just;
3. It enables them to do this by citing what are publicly recognized among them as valid and sufficient reasons singled out by that conception itself.
2. A public acceptable political conception is found in order to get a publicly recognized point of view to examine one another whether their political and social institutions are just;
3. It enables them to do this by citing what are publicly recognized among them as valid and sufficient reasons singled out by that conception itself.
Where should the concept of Justice as fairness in particular refrain from?
As far as possible, the concept of justice as fairness should be independent of the opposing and conflicting philosophical and religious doctrines that citizens affirm.
In formulating such a conception, political liberalism applies the principle of toleration to philosophy itself.
In formulating such a conception, political liberalism applies the principle of toleration to philosophy itself.
What is the overlapping consensus in Political conception of justice?
It is gaining support of reasonable religious, philosophical and moral doctrines in a society regulated by it. Gaining this consensus, it lays the basis for understanding that citizens, who remain deeply divided on religious, philosophical and moral doctrines, can still maintain a just and stable democratic society.
What are the the features of free (thinking), fully cooperating members of society?
They have a:
1. Capacity for a sense of justice; Understand, apply and act within the fair terms of cooperation.
2. Capacity for a conception of the good; to form, revise and rationally pursue a conception of rational advantage or good, they determinate to achieve.
3. Capacity to take responsibility.
4. Selfauthenticed view on sources of valid claims and founded basis on the good.
1. Capacity for a sense of justice; Understand, apply and act within the fair terms of cooperation.
2. Capacity for a conception of the good; to form, revise and rationally pursue a conception of rational advantage or good, they determinate to achieve.
3. Capacity to take responsibility.
4. Selfauthenticed view on sources of valid claims and founded basis on the good.
What is the function of public reasoning?
Citizens' reasoning in the public forum about constitutional essentials and basic questions of justice;
best guided by a political conception the principles and values of which all citizens can endorse.
best guided by a political conception the principles and values of which all citizens can endorse.
What is the basic structure of the society according John Rawls?
1. Political
2. Social - System fits together into one unified system of social cooperation i.o to address the just relation between peoples =>
The Law of Peoples; Background Culture is social and not Political.
3. Economic
2. Social - System fits together into one unified system of social cooperation i.o to address the just relation between peoples =>
The Law of Peoples; Background Culture is social and not Political.
3. Economic
Idea of social cooperation
In three elements:
guided by public rules – reciprocity – each participation
guided by public rules – reciprocity – each participation
How are the fair terms of cooperation to be determined?
Fair terms of social cooperation are conceived as agreed by those engaged in it.
Conditions must be situate free and equal persons fairly and must not allow some persons greater bargaining advantages than others.
Conditions must be situate free and equal persons fairly and must not allow some persons greater bargaining advantages than others.
The idea of a political conception of justice has three characteristic features:
1. Subject of a politic conception = moral
2. Mode of presentation - a political conception of justice is presented as a freestanding view.
3. Political conception of justice its content is expressed in terms of certain fundamental ideas seen as implicit in the public culture.
2. Mode of presentation - a political conception of justice is presented as a freestanding view.
3. Political conception of justice its content is expressed in terms of certain fundamental ideas seen as implicit in the public culture.
Give a summary of the term justice as fairness;
Justice as fairness starts from within a certain political tradition and takes as its fundamental idea that of society as a fair system of cooperation over time - from one generation to the next.
Which are the two central ideas who companion the JaF?
1. Citizens are free and equal persons
2. A well-ordered society as a society effectively regulated by a political conception of justice.
Supposing these ideas can be elaborated into a political conception of justice that can gain the support of an overlapping consensus, which consists all the reasonable opposing religious, philosophical and moral doctrines like
2. A well-ordered society as a society effectively regulated by a political conception of justice.
Supposing these ideas can be elaborated into a political conception of justice that can gain the support of an overlapping consensus, which consists all the reasonable opposing religious, philosophical and moral doctrines like
What is public reason?
Human persons in the(ir) role of citizens together discussion basic political / social matters.
What is a freestanding view:
Not appealing to any particular ontology, epistemology or (other) philosophical or religious comprehensive doctrine.
What is the main feature and also the strongest character trait of the original position?
The reason the OP must abstract from and not be affected by the contingencies of the social world is that the conditions for a fair agreement on the principles of political justice between free and equal persons must eliminate the bargaining advantages that inevitably arise within the background institutions of any society from cumulative social, historical and natural tendencies.
What is the difference between Rational autonomy and Full autonomy?
Full autonomy is a political ideal and part of the more complete ideal of a well-ordered society.
Rational autonomy is a way to model the idea of the rational in the original position.
Rational autonomy is a way to model the idea of the rational in the original position.
What is aimed by using the OP as a device of representation?
To overcome difficulties in favoring some advantages in philosophical, moral or religious tendencies, which has influence on the politic system. It serves a mediating idea by which all our considered convictions can be brought to bear on one another. This enables us to establish greater coherence among all our judgments; and with this deeper self-understanding we can attain wider agreement among one another.
What is a shared basis?
1. Collection of settled conviction;
2. Public culture as the shared fund of simplicity recognized basis ideas & principles (e.g. Religious toleration, rejection of slavery).
2. Public culture as the shared fund of simplicity recognized basis ideas & principles (e.g. Religious toleration, rejection of slavery).
Three conditions seem to be sufficient for society to be a fair and stable system of cooperation between free and equal citizens who are deeply divided by the reasonable comprehensive doctrine they affirm. Which are those conditions?
1. The basic structure of society is regulated by a political conception of justice;
2. This political conception is the focus of an overlapping consensus of reasonable comprehensive doctrines;
3. Public discussion, when constitutional essentials and questions of basic justice are at stake, is conducted in terms of the political conception of justice.
2. This political conception is the focus of an overlapping consensus of reasonable comprehensive doctrines;
3. Public discussion, when constitutional essentials and questions of basic justice are at stake, is conducted in terms of the political conception of justice.
A democratic society is to be viewed as a complete and closed social system. How?
It is complete in that it Is self-sufficient and has a place for all the main purposes of human life.
It is closed in that entry into it is only by birth and exit from it is only by death. We have no prior identity before being in society; we don’t have the choice or possibility not to join…
It is closed in that entry into it is only by birth and exit from it is only by death. We have no prior identity before being in society; we don’t have the choice or possibility not to join…
What is the Idea of a well Ordered Society?
1. Everyone accept (has an inherent concept of knowledge of justice, which is public recognized) that what everyone else accepts the very same principles of justice.
2. Its basicly structure (i.e. political and social institutions) and how they fit together as one system of cooperation is publicly known to satisfy these principles of justice.
3. Its citizens have a normally effective sense of justice and they comply with societies basic institutions, which they regard as just.
2. Its basicly structure (i.e. political and social institutions) and how they fit together as one system of cooperation is publicly known to satisfy these principles of justice.
3. Its citizens have a normally effective sense of justice and they comply with societies basic institutions, which they regard as just.
By which features is a democratic society characterized?
1. Diversity of reasonable comprehensive reasonable comprehensive religious, philosophical and moral doctrines found in modern democratic societies, which is a permanent feature of the public culture of democracy.
2. The fact of oppression: Continuing shared understanding on one comprehensive religious, philosophical or moral doctrine can be maintained only by the oppressive use of state power.
3. It must be willingly and freely supported by at least a substantial majority of its politically active citizens and endorsed by widely different and opposing though reasonable comprehensive doctrines.
2. The fact of oppression: Continuing shared understanding on one comprehensive religious, philosophical or moral doctrine can be maintained only by the oppressive use of state power.
3. It must be willingly and freely supported by at least a substantial majority of its politically active citizens and endorsed by widely different and opposing though reasonable comprehensive doctrines.
Persons are regarded as free and equal persons in virtue of their possessing to the requisite degree the two powers of moral personality:
1. Capacity for sense of justice
2. Capacity for a conception of the good
2. Capacity for a conception of the good
Two moral powers:
A. Capacity for sense of justice
B. Capacity for conception of the good
A+B => associated by:
1. Fair terms of cooperation
2. Each participant's rational advantage or good.
3 respects in which persons are regarded as free;
1. People do have Moral power and therefore a moral identity
2. People see themselves as Self-authenticating sources of valide claims founded on their conception on the good.
3. People are capable to take responsibility
Powers of reason:
Judgment and thought -> interference connected with these 2 moral powers.
B. Capacity for conception of the good
A+B => associated by:
1. Fair terms of cooperation
2. Each participant's rational advantage or good.
3 respects in which persons are regarded as free;
1. People do have Moral power and therefore a moral identity
2. People see themselves as Self-authenticating sources of valide claims founded on their conception on the good.
3. People are capable to take responsibility
Powers of reason:
Judgment and thought -> interference connected with these 2 moral powers.
Thinking free as a political conception of the person has three branches, according Rawls. Which are they?
1. Having moral power to have a conception of the good; io to form - revise and pursue a conception of the good - their public identity as free persons is not affected by changes over time in their determinate conception of it. Moral Identity which is non institutional - as well political and non-political.(Paul on his way to Damasc)
2. Self-authenticating sources of valid claims – founded and based on duties and obligations based other perception of the good.
3. Capable to take responsibility for their ends and this affects how their various claims are assessed.
2. Self-authenticating sources of valid claims – founded and based on duties and obligations based other perception of the good.
3. Capable to take responsibility for their ends and this affects how their various claims are assessed.
What is the political domain in a well-ordered society?
1. The publicly recognized political conception of justice;
2. Comprehensive doctrines to which the political conception is in some manner related.
2. Comprehensive doctrines to which the political conception is in some manner related.
What does the overlapping consensus value in regard to a well-ordered society?
Citizens affirm reasonable but opposing comprehensive doctrines - They generally endorse that conception of justice as giving the content of their political judgments on basic institutions;
- Unreasonable comprehensive doctrines do not gain enough currency to undermine society's essential justice.
- Unreasonable comprehensive doctrines do not gain enough currency to undermine society's essential justice.
What is in particular very smart part of the freestanding view?
It puts no doctrinal obstacles to the political conception of justice so that it can be supported by a reasonable and enduring overlapping consensus.
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