Breaking the Rules
24 important questions on Breaking the Rules
The concept of deviance is not concerned with being either a 'good' or 'bad' person, but rather about whether one fits in or not with ___________
'Symbolic Interaction & Learning Theories' acknowledge that the outcome of someone becoming deviance is a process. Name the 4 Theories that share this view... (No need to name the sociologist)
Hirschi's control theory explains that the negative social reactions of other people make us conform. However, if one has little to lose, there's a bigger incentive to deviate. Name the 4 types of social control that motivate us to conform...
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One motivation for conforming in society is because we are committed to certain things. This gives us access to legitimate opportunities that we don't want to loose out on. This idea is linked to a theory under the umbrella of 'functionalist explanations' ...where we have access to means and goals, we tend to conform. Name this theory
We can say that there are two types of deviance:
- Voluntary Deviance
- Involuntary Deviance
Moral & legal deviance is considered to be voluntary deviance ; A medical condition would is considered involuntary deviance.
What would be the two contrasting courses of action taken to deal with each type of deviance? (label moral & legal deviance response (1), label medical condition response (2))
- Punishment
- Treatment
Under Lemert's Labelling Theory, there is both primary & secondary deviance. Secondary deviance results in a stigma attached to the individual who has violated a rule. People begin to perceive that individual differently. This individual starts to believe the opinions that others hold about them, & thus, change their behaviour to match those opinions (self-fulfilling prophecy). The result of this is that the individual begins to form a new _____________ of themselves
Considering 'conflict theories' as a whole, what's the keyword that these theories are associated with?
Under the social conflict theory, name 3 of the most common crimes committed by ruling classes (ie. Those with the most power)
'Symbolic Interaction & learning Theories' have a shared view that deviance occurs as a result of certain processes that have been established. Other than the social conflict theory, name two other types of conflict theories...
Under the 'Differential Association Theory', we learn to be either 'deviant' or 'conformist'. A lot has to do with behaving in the same way as those around us. Name the man who this theory belongs to...
There are many theoretical perspectives to consider when studying the link between deviance & crime. These perspectives focus on the fact that out behaviour is biologically instinctive. Name the man who influenced this type of thinking (first & second name)
The concepts of deviance and crime are linked in many respects. Under which theory are 'phrenology' & 'physiognomy' explored?
Considering the concept of 'phrenology' (the study of the human head ...used to identify criminal traits by the shape of the skull), calipers were used to measure the head. There were 3 distinct shapes of the skull that symbolized different traits within people...
- bump at back of head
- bump behind ear
- High forehead
In the order above, identify a keyword which was the so though 'result' of each of these skull shapes (label 1, 2 & 3)
- Hatrid
- felony
- virtue
Cesare Lombroso was an Italian Doctor who worked in prisons. He believe that criminals could be identified by physical anomalies. In the 'Gallery of Criminality', the physical characteristics of overhanging ____________, large _______________ ,& receding ___________ were linked to criminality
Social Darwinism & scientific racism (as a result of phrenology & physiognomy) justified unequal power between different groups. Which two race were considered 'inferior' in the harpers bizarre article in the late 19th & early 20th century?
When considering the classical school approach to studying deviance & crime, we ask the question as to why people commit crimes in the first place. Punishments to crime must act as deterrents in such a way that the risks of committing the crime outweigh the rewards. From this perspective, criminal behaviour is the outcome of a ____________
'Deviance' serves as a function is society. During the Paris bombing, we found that people were brought closer together (despite being opposing fans), & they were linked by their shared experience which...
1. Affirmed cultural norms & values (ie. What it meant to be French)
2. Clarified moral boundaries (ie. The reactions of peoples demonstrated what's X acceptable in society)
3. Encouraged social change (ie. Development of greater empathy for others)
What theory does this train of through fall under & who was the creator of this theory (last name)?
Functionalist explanations are often used to describe the link between deviance & crime. There are limitations to these perspectives ... There are no explanations for two ways in which people 'deviate' in society. Name them.
Informal rules are a product of our social experience. One of the types of informal rules refers to standards of behaviour that are a 'social norm' eg. No sleeping in class'. If rules like these are broken, there are no serious implications. Name this type of informal rule...
One type of informal rule is referred to as 'mores'. Violating this type of rule seriously offends society. Another type of informal rule forbids certain behaviours eg. Incest. Name this type of informal rule...
'Social norms' determine informal rules. These social norms can be easily identified to the ______________ people have to transgressions in society
Rules can be applied in two instances:
- they apply to a specific group eg. Jews eat kosher
- applied to everyone because they're viewed as necessary to maintain order
What type of group often falls victim to the 'resistance theory'?
According to Smith & Visher 1987, there are 6 factors that motivate the police to act om criminal behaviour ...fill in the blanks below in relation to these 6 factors
- seriousness
- ____________ wishes
- lack of _____________
- whether the person is __________
- presence of ______________
- __________ background
There are 4 motivations for the role of punishment. Deterrence (linked to classical school approach) is one of them, & there's two methods of deterrence...
- specific (aimed at individuals ie. Financial costs ; public scrutiny etc)
- General (ie. What happens to people when the crime is committed)
Name the other 3 motivations for punishment
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
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- Never study anything twice again
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