Summary: Sport And Exercise Psychology

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  • Motivation I

    This is a preview. There are 23 more flashcards available for chapter 17/01/2017
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  • What are the benefits of intrinsic motivation?


    –Increased enjoyment (Brustad 1988)
    –Better sportsmanship (Vallerand & Losier 1998) (less likely to cheat, sulk etc.)
    –Lower drop-out rates (Gill et al., 1993) – more persistence 
    - Spend more time on the task (Vallerand, Gauvin & Halliwell, 1986)
  • What factors would you use to encourage people to engage in sports?

    Intrinsic motivation
  • What are 2 disadvantages of extrinsic motivation?


    –Increased anxiety in younger athletes about performing well (Scanlan & Lewthwaite 1984)
    –Higher drop-out rates (Lindner et al., 1991)

    Anxiety can cause drop outs as anxiety is an aversive emotion and so people will won't to avoid situations where they experience this anxiety
  • What is a common limitation of sports literature?

    Important: many of the research are done on children – they are much easier to recruit than elite athletes = be cautious – differentiate between children, adolescence and adults
    - Good if you can get a study on children, then someone proves the same thing in adolescents, then adults
  • What are the 2 predictions made by the competence motivation theory?


    1. People will persist with activities in which they feel competent
           - Sports participants should be higher in perceived competence than                dropouts or non-participants
           - Intrinsic motivation should be increased by perceived levels of competence


    2. Intrinsic motivation should be associated with positive affect
            - Feelings of enjoyment, confidence, self esteem --> i.e. the more competent you feel, the more you enjoy it
  • What 2 concepts support the competence motivation theory?


    •Perceived competence associated with engagement in sport
    •Perceived competence associated with positive affect and behaviour (e.g. enjoyment)
  • What 3 limitations of the competence motivation theory?


    • The majority of studies focus on youth, college or recreational sport/exercise --> The same factors may not apply to elite professional sports who get paid

    • Major issue: Little experimental work - most studies are descriptive or correlational --> they don’t say anything about the direction of causation

    • Assumes that making someone believe they are competent will produce motivation- is this really true?  --> You would need to do experimental/empirical research to find this out
  • How might you test Competence Motivation Theory?

    • Experimental manipulations e.g. false feedback - if you change the feedback about how the person is doing, you may see changes in their motivation

    • Longitudinal study -> as an individual increases in skill does their enjoyment of the task increase

    • Measure if there is a difference between training and performance. In training, the emphasis is on skill acquisition and mastery --> perhaps this is more enjoyable than the actual performance of the task where the emphasis is more on outcomes  
  • What are the predictions of the self-determination theory? How does this differ from a simplistic intrinsic/extrinsic account?


    • Perception of purpose rewards should affect the level of intrinsic / extrinsic motivation
    • Perception of purpose of rewards influenced by social factors (e.g. coaches, peers, parents etc) - critical point -> shows there is a role for the coach/sports psychologist to persuade the athlete to treat rewards as informational not controlling (you can change the athlete's perception of things)
    • Informational rewards enhance intrinsic motivation
    • Controlling rewards diminish intrinsic motivation


    Simplistic intrinsic/extrinsic account:
    •Athletes who compete for rewards should show less intrinsic motivation than amateurs/ non professional 
  • What did Pelletier et al. (2001) find?


    Supported Self Determination Theory

    Feelings of lack of competence and autonomy in handball players associated with intention to drop-out 

    -> suggesting autonomy is important in intrinsic motivation 

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