Self Confidence
16 important questions on Self Confidence
What did Durand-Bush et al. (2001) find?
–> good study as it includes elite AND college athletes; a range of athletes
What is self-efficacy theory? Who was it proposed by?
Self-efficacy theory is made up of two components:
1.Self-Efficacy: Belief you can plan and execute the actions need to achieve your goals
2.Outcome Expectancy: Belief about the psychological and social consequences of attempting to achieve a goal
What are 3 possible consequences of attempting to achieve a goal (outcome expectancy)?
•Physical Consequences (exhilaration/joy vs fatigue, injury)
•Self-evaluation (pride, satisfaction vs disappointment, shame)
•Social consequences (approval, status vs ridicule)
(not a belief about probability of success – it’s a belief about what will happen if you try, irrespective of whether you are successful or not)
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
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How does outcome Expectancy interacts with Self Efficacy to influence performance?
- Positive self efficacy + Positive outcome expectancy = optimal performance
- Positive self efficacy + Negative outcome expectancy = suboptimal performance
- Negative self efficacy + Positive outcome expectancy = achievement attempts (feel that it is good to take part)
- Negative self efficacy + Negative outcome expectancy = avoidance?
Negative outcome expectancy = negative beliefs about taking part
What did Vealey (1986) develop?
Sport-specific variant of Self Efficacy theory
- same underlying assumptions as self Efficacy theory that sport confidence is multi -dimensional (means you draw your sense of sports competence from a number of different sources) & situation specific
Vealey et al. (1998) developed a questionnaire and derived 9 sources of self confidence (i.e. 9 factors that influence self-confidence)
- mastery
- demonstration of ability
- physical/mental preparation
- physical self presentation
- social support
- vicarious experience
- coach leadership
- environmental comfort
- situational favourableness
Vealey et al. (1998) also argued that sports confidence is organised into 3 sub elements of confidence
According to Vealey et al. (1998), what are the 3 constructs within confidence?
- Physical skills & training
•Beliefs about ability to execute a skill
- Cognitive efficiency
•Beliefs about ability to maintain concentration, focus on task and make good decisions
- Resilience
•Beliefs about ability to solve problems, recover from poor performance and overcome doubts
You may be really confident in one of these domains, but not in another - this may effect confidence and performance e.g. you might be confident in your skills but have poor resilience confidence – bad if you’re losing in competition as this will worsen your performance more
- this idea links to choking
What did Hayes et al. (2007) study?
Results:
‘Enactive Mastery’ the key source of confidence in elite athletes (enactive mastery = actual experiences of successful performance)
-> shows that confidence is grounded in having carried out the task before - provides a good rationale to take child athletes to watch the olympics
Enactive mastery = equivalent to Vealey's construct of “demonstration of ability
What factors were stable in across Kingstone et al's. (2010) study longitudinal study (in the lead up to competition?
Mastery
Social Support
Coach Leadership
Vicarious Experience
Environmental Comfort
How do the confidence studies of elite athletes (Hays et al., 2007; Kingstone et al., 2010) differ from the confidence studies of undergraduate/recreational/sub-elite athletes?
Elite athletes = confidence is derived from predominately demonstration of ability
How do we measure levels of confidence?
- Task specific efficacy grid (Bandura 1997)
- Sport Confidence measures (Vealey 1986)
•Trait Sports Confidence Inventory
•State Sports Confidence Inventory
What did Gould, Weiss & Wienberg (1981) study?
Results: Successful wrestlers as compared to less successful wrestlers (those placed in 1-4) had significantly higher pre-competition confidence than unsuccessful group (unplaced)
= association between the levels of confidence and the probability of success
-> although this only measures association – it doesn’t tell us what causes confidence. It doesn't tell us whether confidence causes better performance or whether being a better athlete causes more confidence
What did Hatzigeorgiadis et al., (2009) study?
They studied the causal effect of confidence on performance
Finding: Motivational self-talk enhances confidence, reduces anxiety and improves performance in tennis players
Limitation - if the manipulations both enhanced confidence and reduced anxiety, you don't know why confidence is improving
What is a common limitation with studies measuring the causal effect of confidence on performance?
Nearly all studies use UGs or college athletes…
Elite athletes seem to have slightly different confidence beliefs in that they seem to draw primarily on previous performance
What is the take home message from studies that measure the effect of confidence on performance?
How does efficacy beliefs influence other psychological processes?
1.Goal setting (high confidence associated with setting more challenging goals- Locke & Latham 1990)
2.Attributions of success/failure (high confidence associated with internal, stable attributions for success; Courneya & McAuley 1993)
3.Problem solving strategies (Bandura & Jordan 1991) in failing situations
4.Anxiety – interpretation of physiological arousal (Hanin 2000)
Previous research has demonstrated that confidence and performance has been related, however very little research has been done to systematically study the significance of the relationship between the two in a longitudinal format. What did Vealey and Chase (2008) therefore suggest?
(own reading)
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
