Nutrition and metabolism

4 important questions on Nutrition and metabolism

Whole body protein turnover and protein requirements

350g/d

sports: 1.4-2.0 g/kg
athletes: 1.8g/kg
endurance 24h post ex : 2.6g/kg
bodybuilding : 2.2 g/kg
energy-restricted resistance trained athletes : 2.3-3.1 g/kg of FFM

What can be achieved in weightloss acute and longer term

acute:
- loss of water <2% of BW
    - sweating
    - use glycogen stores > 2.6g water/g glycogen
- loss of glycogen : couple of 100g's but will have an effect on performance

longer term:
- loss of fat : 0.5 to max 1kg/week
- loss of muscle : risk losing strength and performance

how:
moderate energy restriction is optimal
achieve by low fat diet (15-25% of energy); moderate to high in carbs; approx 2.0 gr protein/kgBW/d

Female athlete triad

6-45% in female athletes
0-19% in male athletes

starts with energy deficiency leads to menstrual disturbance and poor bone health

combination of disorded eating amenorrhea and osteoporosis
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Effects of exercise om microbiota

  • increase free fatty acid release
  • higher intestinal permeability
  • systemeic inflamatory and immune responses go up
  • oxidative stress goes up
  • increase in heat production and dehydration


  • increase microbial diversity
  • increase levels of beneficial short-chain fatty acid butyrate
  • increase abundance of beneficial microbial genera (butyrate producers)
  • decrease abundance of potentially pathogenic microbes (bad ones)

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