Transnational policies
21 important questions on Transnational policies
What were the economic costs associated with air pollution from European industrial facilities in 2015, according to the European Environmental Agency?
- Economic costs from air pollution: > EUR 100 billion.
- Effects: Damage to health and environment.
- Reduction in life expectancy.
What are carbon tax and cap-and-trade, and how do they address externalities?
- Carbon tax: CO2 belasting.
- Cap-and-trade: Emission rights.
- Purpose: Include externalities in price.
Describe the concept of cap-and-trade as it relates to emissions.
- Cap-and-trade allows trading of emission rights.
- Limits total emissions.
- Companies can buy/sell allowances.
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
How does the graph illustrate the relationship between social and private costs in demand?
- Social cost is higher than private cost.
- Demand curve intersects both costs.
- Shows discrepancy between private decision-making and social impact.
What are the main components of Pigou's solution for externalities?
- Government intervention using centralized instruments
- Employs quantity regulation (e.g., bans)
- Utilizes monetary tools (e.g., taxes, subsidies)
- Focuses on CARBON TAX for regulation
How does Coase propose addressing externalities?
- Government defines and allocates entitlements
- Market functions through Coasean bargains if beneficial
- Firms or entities internalize externalities
- Emphasizes POLLUTION PERMITS for solutions
What are the benefits of companies emitting less than their allowances permit according to Coase's argument?
- Additional funds for sustainability improvements
- Increased financial resources for future projects
- Lower demand for costly allowances
- Incentives for sustainable practices to avoid high prices
What are the key differences between carbon tax and cap-and-trade?
- Carbon Tax:
- - Tax on each unit of greenhouse emissions.
- - Incentive to reduce pollution.
- - Importance of setting the correct tax level.
- - Bigger initial financial impact.
- - Set price of pollution, unknown total emissions.
- Cap and Trade:
- - Maximum emissions allowance.
- - Purchase allowances if exceeded.
- - Creates new commodity.
- - Cheaper early compliance.
- - Emission quantity certainty, cost uncertainty.
What are the differences in financial implications between carbon tax and cap and trade?
- Carbon tax generates revenue for the government.
- Cap and trade allows funds to remain in the market.
- Both systems are implemented in many countries.
Why did the price of carbon dioxide allowances fall to zero in 2007 during the first trading period?
- 2005-2007: First trading period.
- Allowances based on estimated needs were excessive.
- Price of first-period allowances fell to zero in 2007.
- Difficulty in maintaining high CO2 prices due to oversupply.
What happened during the 2nd trading period from 2008-2012 regarding allowances and emissions?
- Surplus of unused allowances
- Lower carbon price
What were the major changes in the 3rd trading period from 2013-2020?
- Introduction of an EU-wide emissions cap
- Cap reduced by 1.74% annually
- 21% reduction target by 2020 compared to 2005
What are the new measures starting from 2021 regarding carbon emissions?
- Linear reduction of 2.2% each year in cap
- Implementation of the Green Deal
- Aiming for a global climate regime
When was Sweden's carbon tax implemented and what makes it unique?
- Being one of the first worldwide
- Having the highest carbon tax rate globally at €120/ton CO2
What impact has Sweden's carbon tax had on emissions and the economy?
- Declining carbon emissions
- Steady economic growth
- Coverage of around 40% of national greenhouse gas emissions
What key factors are important to consider for implementing a carbon tax?
- Scope: Substances covered
- Point of Taxation: Upstream/downstream supply chain
- Tax and Escalation Rates: Align with social cost then increase
- Distributional Impacts: Justice issues affecting vulnerable consumers
- Revenues: Redistribution, infrastructure, innovation investments
What is a critical issue associated with carbon tax and cap-and-trade policies?
- Energy Markets: Lower EU demand leading to cheaper fossil fuels
- Competition: Industry relocating production due to costs
- Free Riding: Others feeling less pressure to reduce emissions
What solutions are proposed to address carbon leakage?
- International cooperation: Implementation of an international cap and trade system
- The EU Green Deal: Must evolve into a global green deal
What challenges exist in achieving climate neutrality across EU countries?
- Diverse Views: Different perspectives and constraints among countries
- Poland's Statement: Unable to become climate neutral by 2050 due to funding issues
What are the essential elements for making international agreements on climate change effective?
- Clear Mandate
- Decisions Structure
- Strong Leadership
- Binding Rules
- Conditionalities
- Strategic Plans
- Monitoring Mechanisms
What factors contribute to the instability of the COP21 Paris Agreement?
- Unstable Agreement: Erosion following Trump's election
- Withdrawal: China and Brazil exited shortly after
- Need for Support: Developing countries require more funding for sustainability
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
