Innovation policy and the energy sector
36 important questions on Innovation policy and the energy sector
What are the key messages from the IPCC Special Report on 1.5°C regarding global warming?
- Global warming has already reached 1.1°C.
- It's projected to reach 1.5°C between 2021 and 2040.
- Limiting warming to 1.5°C shows clear benefits.
- Achieving this requires unprecedented system transformations.
- Waiting for NDCs risks missing the 1.5°C target.
- Limiting warming aligns with other societal goals.
What role do landscape developments play in the socio-technical regime?
- Landscape developments create pressure on the regime.
- This pressure opens opportunities for novelties.
- Multiple dimensions are affected, enabling shifts and adjustments.
- New configurations influence the landscape.
What happens to warm-water corals at 1.5°C and 2°C warming?
- All warm-water corals will be gone.
- At 1.5°C, 10-30% of corals may remain.
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Describe the socio-technical regime's stability and processes.
- The socio-technical regime is 'dynamically stable'.
- Ongoing processes exist across different dimensions.
- New configurations leverage 'windows of opportunity'.
- Adjustments occur within the regime.
How does polar land ice melting change between 1.5°C and 2°C warming?
- 1.5°C: less severe melting.
- Just over 2°C: increased risk of irreversible melting.
How do technological niches interact with the socio-technical regime?
- Articulation processes involve novelties in technology, preferences, and policies.
- Elements are gradually linked and stabilized into a new configuration.
- Internal momentum increases as elements co-construct together.
What is the projected sea level rise by 2100 at 1.5°C compared to 2°C?
- At 2°C: 10 cm more rise than at 1.5°C.
- Implications for coastal areas and communities.
What is the process of co-construction in the socio-technical configuration?
- Co-construction involves linking diverse elements.
- Elements include technology, user preferences, and policies.
- Gradual stabilization forms a new, not-yet-dominant ST-configuration.
- Internal momentum and integration increase.
How often will the North Pole be completely ice-free at 1.5°C and 2°C?
- At 2°C: Every 10 years.
- At 1.5°C: Every 100 years.
What are regional innovation systems, and how do they operate?
- Regional innovation systems involve the import of technology and knowledge from other countries.
- They focus on local collaboration to drive innovation.
- Integration with global markets is essential.
- Regional policies may support these systems.
How many more people are at risk in 2050 due to 2°C warming compared to 1.5°C?
- Hundreds of millions more people are at risk.
- Significant impact on global populations and regions.
How do sectoral innovation systems function within a single country?
- They can excel in one sector while underperforming in another.
- Variety in success across different sectors.
- Specific sector capabilities and needs influence outcomes.
- National policies may not uniformly affect all sectors.
What are the critical enabling conditions for climate action?
- Finance & investment: 2.5% redirection to low-emission.
- Policy instrumentation: de-risking investment.
- Institutional capacity: needed globally.
- Governance: cooperation across actors.
- Behavior change: public support.
- Technological innovation.
What steps are involved in advancing technological innovation systems?
- Identify diverse actors within the system.
- Understand connections and institutional influences.
- Evaluate fulfilled functions and their extents.
- Important for setting process goals and strategies.
How are the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) tied to climate change?
- A mix of measures adapting to climate change
- Reduction of emissions
- Supporting SDGs through ambitious actions by various stakeholders
- Importance of international cooperation for climate goals
What does energy poverty entail and which SDG is it related to?
- Energy bills are a significant percentage of income
- Households reduce energy consumption negatively impacting health
- It is linked to the 7th Sustainable Development Goal
How is functionality assessed in technological innovation systems?
- Assess functionality and set process goals.
- Evaluate achieved functional pattern.
- Consider key policy issues to address.
- Continuous cycle for innovation improvement.
Why is energy security considered a national security issue?
- Finite nature of fossil fuels
- Dependence on foreign suppliers
- Reliability and price volatility of foreign suppliers
- Infrastructure reliability (electricity grids, pipelines)
What roles do research institutes and universities play in innovation phases?
- Conduct basic and applied R&D.
- Facilitate knowledge development and education.
- Support workforce development.
What related issues arise from energy security and sustainability challenges?
- Electricity markets and privatized power sector
- Geopolitical considerations
- Collaboration in the EU against Russia
- “Resource curse” in many developing countries
What functions do companies and entrepreneurs serve during innovation?
- Experiment with and implement new technology.
- Engage in applied R&D and demonstration.
How does technological innovation affect businesses?
- Disrupting traditional markets
- Potentially putting competitors out of business
- Creating new industry standards and expectations
How does the financial sector contribute to innovation phases?
- Banks: provide loans for innovation.
- Venture capitalists: invest in new concepts.
- Development banks: offer loans focused on low-carbon goals.
What are the stages in “LINEAR” technological development?
- Development
- Innovation
- Market introduction
- Growth
- Maturity
- Decline
What roles do users and consumers play in innovation phases?
- Engage in public movement for social change.
- Aid in testing and acceptance of low-carbon technologies.
- Legitimation promotes further policy development.
What is the "Valley of Death" in innovation activity?
- Represents a critical stage between research and development and commercialization.
- Encompasses the "Demonstration" phase.
- Challenges include funding and market pull.
- Policies and incentives influence success.
What functions does the government have in the innovation process?
- Fund R&D and education.
- Establish legislation.
- Create policies and markets.
- Enhance awareness.
What is the definition of INNOVATION SYSTEMS according to Freeman (1987)?
- A network of institutions in both the public and private sectors
- Activities that initiate, import, modify, and diffuse new technologies
How does Lundvall (1992) define INNOVATION SYSTEMS?
- Elements and relationships involved in production, diffusion, and use
- Focus on new and economically useful knowledge
- Located or rooted within a nation state
What myths exist regarding innovation and government involvement?
- Government's role limited to basic R&D.
- Innovation primarily comes from small companies.
- Venture capitalists favor high-risk investments.
- Patents indicate the level of innovation.
- Companies benefit from fewer regulations.
What do Patel and Pavitt (1994) say about national institutions in INNOVATION SYSTEMS?
- National institutions’ incentive structures and competencies
- Influence the rate and direction of technological learning
- Affect the volume and composition of change generating activities
What is PATH DEPENDENCY in relation to history?
- Importance of historical events
- Persistence due to resistance to change
- Influenced by financial implications and cautious policymaker decisions
How can innovation help achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
- Create synergies with most SDGs.
- Address trade-offs in development.
- Foster improvements in the energy transition.
What is the term that describes costs involved in changing from one product or service to another?
- Costs in switching
- Difficulty in changing providers
- Can lead to customer loyalty
Why is better direction for innovation systems necessary?
- Global systems require alignment with energy transition.
- National innovation strategies should prioritize sustainable outcomes.
- Challenges demand coordinated efforts.
What field investigates the interaction of social and technical factors?
- Understanding workplace dynamics
- Evaluating technology impacts
- Balancing social needs with technical capabilities
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