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Neoclassicism in Germany and France

18 important questions on Neoclassicism in Germany and France

Which thee movements took place between 1750 and the early 1800s?

  1. The Enlightenment, which concerned the revolutionary foundations of the modern world and the upcoming new deterministic science of man and
  2. The Romantic Period, which concerned a new conception of the individual concept of the genius, the Romantic Art Theory and a new concept of history with regards to medieval times and Antiquity.
  3. Neoclassicism, the revival of the antique arts and architecture.

Which artistic movements led to Neoclassicism in France?

Baroque and classicism.

Why was Ange-Jacques Gabriel important to France?

Because he designed Le Petit Trianon in 1761, which was in contrast to the then-dominant Baroque-style. It was created to be a part of the landscape, which was entirely new in France.
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Why was Antoine Laugier important to France?

Because he wrote his Essay sur architecture in 1753, in which he reoriented Vitruvius' architectural principles and stated that the basic principles of architecture are not rooted in Greek of Roman antiquity, but in the even further past (prehistory). Based on this, he created his theory of the Primitive Hut, in which he claimed the Doric order to be perfect because it was entirely based on nature. Nature was also the origin of the Greek temple, which was therefore perfect.

Who came up with the theory of classical orders?

Antoine Laugier.

Who was Soufflot and what did he do?

Soufflot had attended the French Academy in Rome and was one of the most promising young French architects. Based on a Greek cross, he designed the St. Genevieve in Paris, also known as the Pantheon. This was a mausoleum. It was very simple and white, yet built in the Corinthean order. It combined Roman and Gothic, old and new, the Picturesque and reason. In comparison to ancient buildings, it had light coming from above (which is Gothic).

What is Étienne-Louis Boullée known for?

For his design of the cenotaph for Sir Isaac Newton, which was all about mathematic purity. By day, it was supposed to be completely dark and by night, lit by a glowing ball. It was too big to ever be realized. Boullée is known for his architectuur parlante, talking architecture, because it is supposed to speak to those who look at it. Boullée was thought to be a megalomaniac.

How were French architects expected to study architecture?

They had to travel to Rome and attend the French Academy. This is why many French buildings (like the Louvre) have strong Italian influences.

What did French kings do to medieval churches?

They replaced them by Roman-looking ones as a sign of their greatness and nationality.

What did Emil Kaufmann come up with and what was it like?

He came up with Revolutionsarchitektur, which was the German version of Architectuur Parlante. This is an academic term that assigns architecture a narrative character and it was the result of Kaufmann's studies of Neoclassicism.

How did French and German architects view ancient architecture?

They ideolized it and pictured it in fantastical ways that were way more monumental than this architecture actually was. These are called architectural fantasies.

What did Germany look like in the 18th century?

Absolutely no coherence. It was not a nation; instead, there were many territories and principalities. Therefore, there was no political or cultural centre.

What did Gentz design and what is this style called?

He designed the Mint at Werderscher Markt, which contained the Bauakademie. The style is called Prussian Neoclassicism, a combination of Greek and Roman elements. This building was the first school of architecture in Germany.

When did Neoclassicism come up in Germany and why?

In 1840. Before, the Baroque had to be kept alive by law, especially in the south. This form of neoclassicism uses pure forms based on mathematical concepts.

What can be considered the true beginning of Neoclassicism as a whole?

The rediscovery of the Doric order.

What did Percier and Fontaine come up with?

For one, with the Empire Style. This was very decorative and used in Naopleon's mansion. They worked for Napoleon. Their other architecture was based on antiquity and was very repetitive. They also came up with shopping galleries, which were the result of France's growing economy. Galleries allowed people to shop without getting wet. Their galleries were also located within appartment blocks.

What did Hittorff design and why did this have to be designed?

He designed the Gare du Nord as a result of all kinds of new inventions, including trains. It was meant to represent France and was made out of a new material (cast iron). It was both modern and old (based on an arch) and had a national character.

What did Vignon and Huvé design and why?

They designed La Madeleine in Paris, which was a church that was based on Maison Carrée in Nîmes. They did so in Napoleon's request, who considered this style of building very glorious and fit for France.

The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:

Style and Modernity

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