Avant-garde and modern movements around 1900

11 important questions on Avant-garde and modern movements around 1900

What is the French version of the avant-garde?

Art Noveau.

Who are the two Art Noveau artists and what was special about their designs?

  1. Hector Guimard (French): designed Paris' Metropolitain. This metro system needed to be created because of the quickly expanded population. Important about the Metropolitain was that it was made out of cast iron and flowing lines are its most important feature. Another design of his was the Hotel Mezzara, which is very plain and only decorated by its lines.
  2. Victor Horta (Belgian): a designer of hotels. His Hotel Tassel (1894) is considered to be Belgium's first Art Noveau building, with lots of glass, iron and natural light. His Hotel van Eeltvelde (1897) is known for its exposed ironwork.

What are the characteristics of the Art Noveau?

Much iron, glass and other experimental materials such as ceramic. In later years, it became more colourful and decorative, which Guimard and Horta hated.
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What is the German version of the avant-garde?

Jugendstil.

How was the Jugendstil implemented in Austria?

As the Secession style, with big, white buildings.

What is the subclass of the Jugendstil called that is about buildings being as simple as possible?

Bauhaus.

What was the Jugendstil about as a whole?

It was an Arts & Crafts movement, with the aim to refine standard objects to an artistic level. For example, they decorated steel frames with marble slabs and paintwork.

What is a Gesamtkunstwerk? Give an example of this.

A total work of art. The componist Richard Wagner came up with this, and it means that the design of a building is entirely created as a whole. It starts out with the walls, and from there the colours and the furniture are picked as well. It is all about unity. Stoclet Palace is an example of this.

Who are the two important architects of the Jugendstil and what did they design?

  1. Otto Wagner (Austrian): came up with the idea of Moderne Architektur in 1905. This was a very sober style, with many tiles. He designed the Vienese metrosystem, in the Austrian colours of green, white and gold.
  2. Adolf Loos (German): known for "The Crime of Using Ornament". Known for his Villa Müller in Prague, which has barely any windows and is very plain and completely white.

Who is the most important architect from the Modern Movement and what was his style?

Charles Rennie Mackintosh: came up with the Japanese style. His buildings are simple, not ornamental and not symmetrical. Thanks to the Japanese, England gained its tea-drinking culture, and Mackintosh was inspired by this. For example, doors would be put to the side of a house to allow for long windows. What was important was that everything had to be a part of the building, including the furniture (like a piano).

Who is Spain's most important avant-garde architect?

Antonio Gaudí: his design was fluid and organic, and meant to look like lava-stone and eroded stone surfaces. In the Casa Mila, he created the balconies to make them look like as if the iron had melted. The Sagrada Familia is his most important design (in a Neo-Gothic style) and stone is his trade-mark feature.

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