Summary Lecture 2 General Systems Theory Part I

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• 1 Lecture 2 General Systems Theory (cybernetics): Ashby on Regulating Systems Part I.

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• What is the starting point for treating cybernetics?

  The starting point involves:
  

  1. A concrete system
  2. Its behavior
  3. Regulation activities
  4. The effect of these activities

• What does a regulating system aim to ensure?

  A regulating system works to ensure that:
  

  • The concrete system exhibits desired behavior
  • Desired behavior persists despite disturbances

• What is the focus of describing concrete systems in cybernetics?

  Key aspects include:
  

  1. Analyzing system behavior
  2. Understanding system variables
  3. Exploring inputs and outputs
  4. Examining feedback mechanisms
  5. Identifying patterns in responses

• 2 1.1 How to describe behavior?

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• What are the features used to describe concrete systems in systems theory?

  Certain features include:
  

  • Variables (e.g. color of hair, color of eyes, #wrinkles)
  • Values at a specific moment in time
  • Two distinct states representing different moments

• How are the concepts of concrete and abstract systems defined in systems theory?

  • Concrete system: a 'real' entity
  • Abstract system: a set of variables that describe the concrete system

• How is behavior described in systems theory?

  Behavior is characterized as:
  

  • A sequence of states
  • This sequence can be represented as a transformation, either in a graph or a table

• What is the term used in cybernetics for the description of behavior in terms of states?

  The term used is:
  

  • Transformation
  • This can be illustrated using graphs or tables for convenience

• 3 1.2 Describing desired behavior

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• How can desired behavior be characterized in relation to norm values?

  Characterization involves:
  

  • Selecting a norm value or region of norm-values
  • Evaluating variables from the abstract system
  • Confirming that values align with norm-limits for desired behavior

• What are "essential variables" in the context of a concrete system?

  Essential variables are:
  

  • Variables that express the function or overall goal of the concrete system
  • Critical for the survival of the concrete system
  • Failure to maintain them within norm values affects overall goal realization

• 5 1.4 The regulatory table

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• What does the regulatory table introduced by Ashby illustrate in terms of essential variables?

  The regulatory table shows how essential variables (EV) depend on:
  

  • Two classes of parameters:
  • - Disturbances (D1, D2, D3)
  • - Regulatory actions (R1, R2)
  • Specific combinations yield different EV values.