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Theories and anatomy

31 important questions on Theories and anatomy

Why does risky behavior peak in adolescence according to research findings?

- Engaging in driving after drinking, not wearing seatbelts, weapon carrying,
- Using illegal substances, unprotected sex.

How did older models fail to explain adolescent behavior changes?

- Inability to show non-linear risky behavior change with age.
- Predictions did not match observed behaviors.

What contributes to increased emotional reactivity in adolescence according to observations?

- More time spent with peers and more parental conflicts increase reactivity.
- Positive/negative information values may be exaggerated.

What did Laurence Steinberg discover about adolescents?

- Adolescents' caution diminishes with peers present, not solely peer pressure.
- Prefrontal cortex underdevelopment and reward-seeking drive leads to risks.

Describe the Dual Systems Model by Steinberg.

- Sensation seeking rises sharply in early adolescence then declines.
- Self-regulation increases steadily with age.

Describe the Maturational Imbalance Model by Casey et al.

- Gradual increase in self-regulation.
- Sensation seeking slowly rises then plateaus.

Describe the Driven Dual Systems Model by Luna & Wright.

- Initial spike in sensation seeking, followed by a sharp decrease.
- Self-regulation lags behind then overtakes sensation seeking.

What do Steinberg and Casey predict about the development of self-control?

- Both predict a slowly, linearly developing self-control system.
- Steinberg observes a decline in limbic system sensitivity.
- Casey notes peak limbic sensitivity in adolescence, then a decline.

What does the provided diagram illustrate about cognitive development and growth trajectories?

- Highlights gradual development of cognitive control and social brain network.
- Shows puberty-related changes in the limbic system.
- Describes positive and negative growth trajectories.

What does Casey propose regarding the development of limbic and control systems during adolescence?

• Arousability of limbic system peaks in middle adolescence
• Top-down control systems develop through late adolescence
• Imbalance occurs due to control system unable to reduce limbic system arousal

What did Luna and Wright propose about the development of cognitive control and socioemotional systems?

• Cognitive control system plateaus in middle adolescence
• Socioemotional system exhibits an inverted U-shape in development

How does Casey's proposal differ from Steinberg's regarding limbic and control systems development?

• Casey's arousability of limbic system peaks in middle adolescence
• Steinberg's socioemotional system follows inverted U-shape development

Describe the relationship between sensation seeking and neural processes according to the provided information.

• Ventral Striatum and Orbitofrontal Cortex are active in Sensation Seeking

Which brain regions are active in self-regulation?

- Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (LPFC)
- Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)

What do neurons and glial cells do in the brain?

- Neurons support brain functioning
- Glial cells provide insulation for white matter

Describe the brain's gray matter and white matter.

- Gray matter: represents neuronal cell bodies
- White matter: comprises axons with insulating glial cells

What is the role of secondary areas in the brain?

- Interpret perceptions
- Organize movements
- Less directly connected with receptors and motor neurons

What is the function of tertiary areas in the brain?

- Connect and coordinate secondary areas
- Engage in complex activities

How is the brain organized in terms of input and output?

- Input is more on the backside
- Output is more on the frontside

Which brain lobe contains the primary motor and somatosensory areas?

- Frontal lobe contains primary motor area
- Parietal lobe contains primary somatosensory area

Where are the primary auditory and visual areas located in the brain?

- Primary auditory area is in the Temporal lobe
- Visual areas are in the Occipital lobe, indicated by Parieto-occipital sulcus and Pre-occipital notch

At what age is the brain size 95 percent of the adult size?

- 6 years old

How is structural brain development studied?

- Structural or anatomical MRI

In which decade did studies using MRI to investigate the brain begin?

- 1990s

What pattern does the increase in white matter follow according to Durston?

- White matter increase follows a pattern from inferior to superior and posterior to anterior.

What is the reason behind the net decrease in cortical gray matter across a certain age span as per Durston's findings?

- Net decrease in cortical gray matter is likely due to ongoing pruning of connections.

What limitation is associated with MRI in understanding overall differences in brain volumes as noted in Durston's review?

- MRI does not provide insight into the underlying processes causing differences in brain volumes.

According to Giedd, how does gray matter change in the brain over time?

- Total gray matter decreases, indicating connections getting stronger or weaker.

What feature characterizes the change in gray matter in each lobe of the brain, as per Giedd's research?

- Gray matter in each lobe shows an increase followed by a decrease pattern.

What is the significance of the peak in gray matter size in relation to behavior according to Giedd?

- At the peak in gray matter size, there is a time of opportunity for development.

Why is Giedd's research important in understanding brain development over time?

- Giedd's research provides insights into how the brain changes with age in terms of size, complexity, and connections.

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SVhoorcollegesAdolescence

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