Clause structure 2: verb classes and alternations
21 important questions on Clause structure 2: verb classes and alternations
What are the semantic roles?
patient: john wrote a manifesto
beneficiary: I gave them unsurmountable anxiety
What are some major subtypes of activity verbs?
-john gave up
verbs of motion and rest
- john stood up
-he sat still
transative motion verbs have a causer
e.g. He walked the dog
verbs of manipulation/gaslighting
John (agent) hit his mates (target) with the most devious griddy (manip)
verbs of occurence: the lights died.
Talk to about relational verbs
e.g. They had a sandwich.
special subtype: copular verbs.
copular verbs are used to associate an attribute with the subject of the clause
jesus is gigabased
can function as subject predicative as in jesus is gigabased
also can be used as obligatory adverbial in I was in hell
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Tell me about the classification of copula constructions.
the way the attribute is encoded
namely: the meaning of the attribute and it's class
does it refer to anything specific or general? Is it AjP, NP, PP?
and also the meaning of the copular verb.
does it refer to a state or result?
Classification of copula in terms of semantics of a phrasal attribute
e.g. Now he seemed in control
in control is attributed to 'he'
attribute as the identity of S
e.g. That is our dungeon.
dungeon is identified.
what is the difference between characterizing and identifing?
characterizing
-attribute is realized by AjP
e.g. That was very based
-attribute is realized by NP
e.g. Our car is a honda
-attribute is realized by PP
e.g. He's in Mordor.
this order is not reversible
identifying
-attribute realized by NP
e.g. This is our car
reversible
e.g. Our car is this (one)
Tell me about copular verbs followed by subclauses
copula+that-clause
what seemed to have happened was that giorno punched him for 7 pages long.
or
copula+ to-infinitve clause
this seems not to work.
How can we classify copula verbs in terms of semantics?
2 semantic groups
1. Current copula verbs
e.g. We are all human (current attribute)
i am based (currently)
2. Result copula verbs
specify an attribute of the subject that is the result of a process.
My vocabulary is deteriorating w
What are the two subclasses of current copula verbs?
-specify an attribute as a current state of existence
use the neutral be
copulas of status quo: keep, remain, stay
e.g. He remained cringe for some time
copulas of appearance
e.g. He seemed taken aback by my skill
nothing appears to dissuade him from his agenda.
copulas of posture: stand, sit, lie
e.g. He is just standing there, menacingly.
then there are sensory perception copulas
they specify an attribute of the subject that is based on sensory perception
look feel smell taste
e.g. You look lovely
you smell putrid
these are all prepositional verbs and shi.
What can you tell me about mental verbs?
they have two major roles
Senser: usually a human who senses something
Phenomenon: That which is sensed
What can you tell me about verbs of cognition?
phenomenon= thought
e.g. Think, imagine, believe, know, ponder, brood over
e.g. These mfs don't know about my plans to establish bees in every street corner.
What are verbs of emotion?
e.g. He decided to turn a new page
liking
i like cock
pleasing
that surprised me in a good way
i'm shocked
i'm pleased to die
What can you tell me about verbs of perception?
phenomenon= impression
verbs referring to the senses
see, watch, smell, taste
other verbs of perception
e.g. Notice, observe, eyeballing
What can you spill about communication verbs?
and verbal processes
e.g.
i'm gonna brown, he ejaculated.
most of these verbs occur with a subclause.
roles: sayer
the one who does the saying
does not have to be human.
'word around the office says you've got a fat cock'.
said: that which is said.
he repeated the warning
could also be in a subclause.
he said that he was gigabased.
receiver: to whom the said is being said.
e.g. Tell him how bad he is
could be marked by a prep.
did you say that to the milkman?
Tell me about mf behavioural verbs dog
between mental and activity
a lot of overlap??
wake up, laugh, sneeze, frown and shiii
What about mf existential verbs?
unicorns exist
verbs introducing new mfs to the narrative
eg. Omg there's a big fat retard in the bathtub.
Meteorological verbies
sun was shining and so are you
Aight what's up with secondary verbs diggedy dog?
-causative bois: what caused you to cringe?
-aspectual bois: characterize the stage of progress of event
e.g. He could not stop fisting churchgoeres.
-conative verbs
trying and striving
e.g. He tried to eat my cake
What is up with them mf multi-word verbs
phrasal verbs
verb+adverbial particle
Prepositional verbs
verb+ preposition
Phrasal-prepositional verbs
verb+adverbial particle+preposition
other multi verbs (merci vo niks)
Wtf are phrasal prep verbs?
Come up/ with an idea
Look down/ on people
What are two subcategories of phrasal prep verbs?
e.g. He came up with a good idea.
Ditransitive phrasal-prep verbs
e.g. He put down his fat large schmeat machine on the table.
How to distinguish prep verbs from free combinations with verb+ prep cus they aint the same dog.
the PO will become lik de subject but de preposition zelf gaat lik nog steeds naast uw ww staan (prep stranding)
prep verb: refer to the book
passive: the book was reffered to (prep stranding)
en lik in free combinations gaat da ni
free combo: i flew to boston
boston was flown to XXXX gaat niet
How to distinguish Phrasal verbs from free combinations dog?
you can check the preposing?
Adverbial particle cannot appear in front position with phrasal: Down cooled jane??
whereas you can say Down they glided
you could also add an adverbial to check
you cant say jane cooled rapidly down?,
but you can say the sun went slowly down
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