Summary: Systeem Aarde: Kennis Voor Klimaat

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• 1 Inleiding

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• The temprature decreases with heigth in the lowest 10 km of the atmosphere (the troposphere). The laps rate, which measures this decrease, has a mean value of about:

  6.5 K km-1, corresponding to 65 K over 10 km. 
  

• The stability of an air column depends on its density an thus on its temprature. The limit of neutral stability occurs when:

  The temprature follows the adiabatic laps rate.

• True of False? Hadley cells are large cells in which the air rises at the equator because of the high tempratures that prevail and subsides at the poles, the coldest place on earth.

  False: The downward branche of the Hadley cells occurs at a latitude of about 30, not at the pole, beceaus of the Earth's rotation.

• True or False? Precipitations are higher at the equator than inthe subtropics because of the ascendance aound the equator and the subsidence around a latitude of 30.

  True

• True or False? The oceanic circulation close to the surface is influenced by the wind, shilst density contrasts play a ro only for the deep circulation.

  False: The thermohaline circulation, which is driven mainly by density contrasts, also has a near-surface branch.

• At  middle latitudes, the seasonal evolution of the mixed-layer depth corresponds to:

  A maximum in winter of typically 100m and a minimum in summer of less than 40 meters.

• The component of the cryosphere that has the largest spatial extent in winter is:

  Snow on continents.

• What is the classical period for performing the statistics to define climate?

  30 years is the classical period for performing the statistics used to defined climate but this period is indicative.

• 2 Energie Balance, Hydrological and Carbon Cycles

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• The sun emits radiation at lower wavelengths than the Earth. The balance is optained if the Earth emits radation at a temprature of around (emission temprature):

  255 K (-18C)

• The surface temprature is higher than the emission temprature beceause of:

  The presence of some minor constituent in the atmosphere which could absorb infrared radiation. This is the so called green house effect.