Religion - Social impact of Calvinism leading up to 1572
21 important questions on Religion - Social impact of Calvinism leading up to 1572
How many Calvinist churches and supporters were there by 1560? What does this show?
There were 1200 churches, 1.8 million adherents including 40% of nobility = Fail in the monarchy post 1540s to combat heresy despite fierce prosecution.
What social impact did the emergence fo Calvinism have?
Before the 1550s, society was tightly bound together as a community of believers - Calvinism shattered this unity by creating popular tension and culminating violence.
What did John Calvin write in 1541 and when were they banned?
The French Institutes (1541) = offered a clear and systematic exposition of reformed doctrine.
This was banned by authorities in 1542
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Why did Calvinism have such urban-based success during the 1550s and 1560s?
- Geneva was geographically close to the French trade centre of Lyons = smuggled literature
- Calvin was French (unlike Luther) = took an interest in the progress of reform movement in his homeland - extensive network of contacts in France
- existence of conventicles (introduced during 1520s) = spiritually nourished by the works of Calvin = background-colorfor the first time those who did not conform to Catholicism were given direction.
What level did Calvinism expand at?
A local level.
What happened in 1558?
Calvinists staged a mass demonstration in Paris = over 4,000 gathered to sing psalms = a clear defiance of the parlement.
When was the first Calvinist Church? When and where did Calvinist hold their first National Synod? What does this show?
1555
Paris 1559 = the outcome was a Confession of Faith and Ecclesiastical Discipline = for the first time Calvinism in France was organised and unified - background-colorcrucial if the movement was going to survive and prosper
What can be said about the growth of Calvinism in north east France?
It made little headway as the Guises held much property there e.g. no missionaries were held into Picardy, Flanders or Burgundy.
How do we know that Calvinism crossed social borders?
In Amiens, Calvinists were drawn from the working class, whereas in Lyons they were artisans and merchants.
What happened in 1571? What did this spark?
The removal of the Croix de Gastines (symbolised the just executions of two Huguenots) = mass rioting which led to 40 deaths. Contributing to rising tensions leading to St Bartholomew's Day
What was the backdrop to St Bartholomew's Day?
The royal wedding between Marguerite and Navarre.
What does the Huguenot resistance theories in the wake of St Bartholomew's Day show?
How detached a minority of the population had become from Gallican principles.
With hindsight, what can be said about the development of Calvinism post 1560s?
Calvinism never seemed to fulfil its promise of the 1550s and 1560s in terms of expansion = at no time did Calvinism exceed 10% of the population.
What shows the importance of noble protection regarding Calvinism?
The survival of the reformed faith through disasters e.g. St Bartholomew's Day and the formation of the Spanish backed Catholic League
What radicalised Huguenot opinion and what radicalised Catholic opinion?
Huguenot - St Bartholomew's Day (1572)
Catholic - Death of Anjou (1584)
Why do the Waldensians suffer because of religion?
They suffer from prosecution and violence in 1544-45 as a consequence of their growing links with Calvinism and the paranoia of the crown.
Why do the French Clergy suffer because of religion?
They suffer from the shift towards gallicanism in 1516 as FI uses his control over royal appointments to raise revenue by selling prominent bishoprics - the Concordat of Bologna shifts the balance from clerical gallicanism (as outlined in PSOB 1438) to royal gallicanism. Tension between the Crown and Rome keeps the Fr clergy alienated from reform movements e.g. in 1562 Catherine refuses to publish the decrees of the Council of Trent as they were going to impinge upon the powers of the CRown and erode royal gallicanism.
The clergy in the Huguenot midi either had to convert or move North
What two reasons arguably cause popular tension, leading to violence?
The visible threat of Calvinism and informers were encouraged by Chateaubriand (1552)
Who abjure in St Bartholomew's Day?
Moderate huguenots - the committed ones head to the Midi
Why does popular tension lessen?
Geographical divisions harden e.g. Huguenot midi
What does St Bartholomew's Day unleash?
This popular slaughter unleashes over 20 years of built up anguish and hatred.
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