Religion - Political impact of Calvinism leading up to the assassination of Henry III
18 important questions on Religion - Political impact of Calvinism leading up to the assassination of Henry III
Why was the Edict of January (1562) a turning point?
It moved the crown's policy towards Calvinism from repression to toleration. However, this alienated the Catholic majority of France and provoked further faction = the social order and hierarchy of France was threatened, the inability of the crown to deal effectively with the Huguenots changed the perception of the monarchy amongst Catholics. It divides society causing urban tension.
background-colorIt inevitably provoked civil war and unrest
background-colorbackground-colorBefore, there was no legal toleration for Calvinists.background-color
Why was the creation of a Huguenot midi a threat?
It threatened the unity of the kingdom & the power of the monarchy. Fortified towns in the Midi and a Protestant minority continued to undermine the crown in 1610.
Why was HII's combat with heresy limited?
He was distracted by events elsewhere, notably in Italy = heresy continued to progress
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What was the meeting at Poissy? When did it take place?
1561 - Catherine invited religious leaders from both sides (Catholics and Huguenots) in order to see if a middle ground could be found to re-unite all Frenchmen under the Gallican church. Yet reconciliation was impossible as neither side was willing to compromise.
What did the Catholic league issue in 1585? What was the tone of this?
A public manifesto outlining their aims and objectives. It was highly critical towards HII & Catherine de Medici for having tolerated Protestantism for so long
When and what was the Treaty of Nemours? What does it demonstrate?
1585 - overturned all former edicts of pacification, Protestantism was banned everywhere and all Huguenots had to recant within 6 months.
The treaty demonstrates how low royal authority had become as HIII was forced to submit to the league who had enforced the treaty.
What the terms of the Treaty of Nemours and the league's alliance with Spain cause?
It sparked a renewal of violence in late 1585 = the 8th War of Religion which lasted more than a decade.
What intensified Catholic opinion in 1586?
The execution of Mary Queen of Scots
Who wrote the Huguenot resistant theories? What were they called? When were they written? What did they say?
Barnaud - The French Alarm Bell (1574) = urged princes and peers to overthrow tyrannical monarchs
This as well as Claude de Seyssel were important indicators of monarchical/political flaws
What was the Catholic response to the Huguenot resistant theories?
Bodin wrote The Six Books of the Commonwealth (1576) = defending the sacred nature of the monarchy:
- political authority was God given = the King was answerable to God alone
- the King was an instrument of God's will
- the King could not be deposed by his subjects
= links to Boucher
(note that it is not radical)
When was the war of the three Henris?
1585-89
Why was 1572 a turning point?
- St Bartholomew's Day left radicalised Huguenots
- Geographical division of France (Huguenot midi)
Name two foreign sovereigns that aided the huguenots.
William of Orange (Dutch nobleman)
Elizabeth I of England
Why was St Bartholomew's Day a turning point?
Before the Huguenots were battling against the crown's policies, now they were battling against the crown
= greater antagonism
= RESISTANCE THEORIES
Why was the death of Anjou (1584) a turning point?
Before the Catholic succession was relatively stable; however when Anjou dies Henry of Navarre was heir due to the Salic Law - unacceptable to have a Huguenot king in the Catholic's perspective = SUCCESSION CRISES
What can be said regarding monarchical power and Calvinism in 1560?
At the time when Calvinism was at its peak (1560), the monarchy was in the hands of a boy, FII and CIX
What role do the Catholic Church play in the 1580s? How does this compare to the the reign of FI?
- the Catholic league look to employ the Papacy to legitimise its existence and actions in the 1580s
- the excommunication of Navarre in 1585 is a significant obstacle to him becoming KIng
- papal condemnation of HIII after the Guise murders in 1588
The Sorbonne use the papacy to try and undermine Francis in dismantling the Circle of Meaux in 1526 and the burning of Louis de Berquin in 1528.
What do the Huguenot resistance theories say?
- they are open to violence
- monarchs should be elective
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