DNA variation in individuals and populations

12 important questions on DNA variation in individuals and populations

What are the different types of Aneuploidy?

  • Nullisomy: when you miss a complete set of chromosomes
  • Monosomy: when you miss one chromosome
  • Trisomy: when you have an extra chromosome
  • Tetrasomy: when you have two extra chromosomes

What is a pairwise sequence alignment?

The process of lining up two sequences to achieve maximal levels of identity

What are gap penalties?

Give gaps a certain negative score. Because you want to reward matches, but also penalise mismatches and gaps
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When are BLOSUM and PAM used?

BLOSUM80 and PAM1: less divergent
BLOSUM62 and PAM120: normal
BLOSUM45 and PAM250: more divergent

What are the two types of homology?

  • Ortholog: same gene between species
  • Paralog: similar gene within one species

What is Wobble paring?

When there is a mutation on the last base of the codon, it doesn't change the amino acid for which the codon coded before

When are rooted trees and unrooted trees used?

  • Rooted:  when you can make an assumption that there is a common ancestor
  • Unrooted: when you don't know whether there is a common ancestor

What is the parsimony method?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0iAm-JQcrs&t=95s

What is true breeding?

The parental and F1 generation look the same after crossing

What is Mendel's first law?

The principle of segregation: each trait appears in pairs. They segregate from each other when you make a gamete and come back together in the next generation

What is Mendel's second law?

The principle of independent assortment: genes on different chromosomes behave independently in the production of gametes

What is intermediate dominance?

By co-dominance two alleles express together. Here you have a 3th pigment instead of a combination of the dominant alleles

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