From concept to measurement

21 important questions on From concept to measurement

What is a contingency table?

A contingency table is a special type of frequency distribution table, where two variables are shown simultaneously

What is a scatterplot?

A scatter plot is a two-dimensional data visualization that uses dots to represent the values obtained for two different variables - one plotted along the x-axis and the other plotted along the y-axis. For example this scatter plot shows the height and weight of a fictitious set of children.

What is the Pearson's R?

It is used to calculate how strong a corrolation is. It is always a number between -1 and +1
-1= perfect negative
+1= perfect positive
0= no correlation at all.

One of the most important advantages is: Direction and strength of linear correlation with one number.

When all the dots are close to the line, it is a strong corrolation. When the dots are more devided it is a weaker correlation
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What is a perfect relation?

When all the dots are exactly on the line.

When do we use spearman's rho?

Can be used for ratio variable when the relationship is not linear (but monotonic)
Less sensitive to outliers than pearson’s r

Can be used with:
Ordinal + Ordinal
Ordinal + Scale
Scale    + Scale

When do we use Kendall's tau-c?

For rectangular tables.
Only use this when the number of categories is relatively small

Can be used with:
Ordinal + Ordinal

When do we use Cramers V?

Can be used with rectangular or square tables.

Can only be used with:
Nominal+Nominal

What are the four synoniems for Cause?

  • Exogenous
  • Treatment
  • X
  • Independent

What are the four synoniems for Effect?

  • Endogenous
  • Consequence
  • observation
  • Y
  • Dependent

What is the Elaboration Model?

It is about elaborating (uitwerken) an empirical relationship. It is a method for doing a multivariate analysis.

What is a Test variable?

A variable that is held constant in an attempt to clarify further the relationship between two other variables.

Example: Having discovered a relationship between education and prejudice, we might hold SEX constant by examining the relationship between education and prejudice among men only and then among women only. In this example, SEX would be the test variable

What are partial relationships or partials?

This is the relationship between two variables when examined in a subset of cases defined by a third variable.

What is the zero-order relationship?

In the elaboration model, this is the original relationship between two variables, with no test variables controlled for.

What is meant with explanation in the context of elaboration?

Explanation is the term used to describe a spurious relationship: an original relationship shown to be false through the introduction of a test variable.

What is menat with specification in the context of elaboration?

When the elaboration model produces partial relationships that differ significantly from each other

What is meant with interpretation in the context of elaboration?

It represents the research outcome in which a control variable is discovered to be the mediating factor through which an independent variable has its effect on a dependent variable

What is a suppressor variable in the context of elaboration?

A test variable that prevents a genuine relationship from appearing at the zero-order level

What is distorter variable in the context of elaboration?

A test variable that reverses the direction of a zero-order relationship

What is an Ex post facto hypothesis?

A hypothesis created after confirming data has already been collected. It is a meaningless construct because there is no way for it to be disconfirmed

What is a Sampling Error?

The degree of error to be expected by virtue of studying a sample instead of everyone.

What is a population?

The theoretically specified aggregation of the elements in a study

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