The Sociological DImension

17 important questions on The Sociological DImension

Why is it important to develop a sociological analysis of the phenomenon of moral inclusion and exclusion in ir?

Because the philosophical defense of universalism is based on the premise that systematic exclusion has become problematical in modern societies, which hasn't always been the case. 

Which two forms of social learning, that are central to any sociology of moral inclusion and exclusion in intersocietal systems do realist and rationalist approaches analyze?

Learning how to control others under conditions of conflict and understanding how to construct order between different states and civilizations. Both perspectives reject "progressivist" interpretations of international relations, which assume an irreversible ascent toward greater global cooperation and harmony. 

What is it that the rationalist perspective puts emphasis on?

 

The importance of moral factors in ir, and the importance of strategic rivalry in the world of exclusionary nation-states.

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What is it that Realism emphasizes?

That the dominant logic of competition and conflict between states reveals that any significant extension of community is highly improbable. The power of the nation-state would be undermined by the diffusion of capitalist market relations and the process of industrialization. 

What is it that Realism critiqued?

The socialist view that the diffusion of industrial society would lead to new forms of international organization. They dismissed that "the continual extension of the principle of association the most salient fact observable is in history." and they rejected the confident prediction that the "next erms must be a still vaster association comprehending the whole human race."

With regard to social learning in ir, what was it that realism disputed?

THe supposition, common to liberalism and socialism alike, that developtments in the sphere of technical rationality would provide the impetus for progress in the domain of morality and politics. Realism stressed the continuing primacy of strategic interaction adn the need for states to steadily advance their understanding of how to realize their national interests and outmaneuver and control adversaries under conditions of conflict. 

According to realists what are the two primary determinants of the boundaries of moral and political communities? 

state-building and war

What is crucial to the rationalist argument?

The distinction between a system and a society of states. It is essential to distinguish learning how to control competitors from learning how to coexist with others in a orderly environment. The fact that states learn how to construct principles of international order that can command widespread consent it sterefore crucial for rationalist perspective. 

According to Habermas, what does international order demonstrate?

The existence of a realm of "moral-practical" learning that is interdependent with, but not reducible to, technical-instrumental rationalization and strategic rivalry.

From the perspective of rationalism,  what is a processof universalizing norms?

A process of universalizing norms is intrinsic to the history of the European states system. Without such a process, international order would have been difficult to produce as for the most part, order has been prior to justice in the European states system, "their revolt against the West" is significantl precisely because Western powers have been challenged to universalize principles that meet the demand for justice as well as the less onerous requirement for order. 

What is the "great transformation" that the foundation sociologists (Marx, Weber, Durkheim) sought to understand within the industrial heartland of Europe, in the 19th century social theory?

They wanted to understand the "great transformation" in which the individual became free from customary and traditional constraints. They focused upon the meergence of the modern ethical subject with a critical and reflective orientation toward the social world and a marked preference for social relations based not on the roles of ascription but on the principles of achievement. 

In what sense is sociological project different from both classical sociolohu and modern social thought?

 

Here the accent falls not upon the internal ordering of communities, nor upon change within the increasingly transnational sociaty, but upon the moral conceptions that arise in relations among different societies, states, and civiliations. 

Why would we analyze the interaction among the main forms of social learning?

Because it may enable us to explain the way in which different societies, states, and civilizations have defined the relationship between the inner and outer realms of obligation and determined the principles of their external relations. 

How are states' rights and interests best pormoted?

Within the context of a wider society of states.

What placed further constraints upon state-driven forms of moral exclusion and closure in the modern international system?

the universalistic morality that developed alongside industrialization

What has been the main form of resistance to exclusion in the international system?

Nationalism. It reveals that industrialization has also had a dual relationsship with moral development. The nationalistic backlash against domination and inequality has often run counter to the unversailstic idiom of modern civilization.

What remains an essential part of the critical theory of society?

The critique of unnecessary social constraints anchored in distorted forms of culture and communication. 

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