The Normative Dimension

Question

What is a recurrent theme in the history of Western Moral and political thought?

Answer 1

The tension between particularism and universalism

Answer 2

Because it renders our social and moral ties too open to dissolution by rational criticism.

Answer 3

Because the "duties we owe to our compatriots may be more extensive than the duties we owe to strangers," but their privileged role must be justified nonetheless.

Answer 4

Because "there is apowerful thrust in the ethical theories that are most prominent in our culture toward...universalism."

Answer 5

By the specific tension between the obligations of citizenship and the oglibations of humanity in the history of international thought.

Answer 6

Whether a critical international theory modeled on the Kantian and Marxian emancipatory projects as outlined earlier can overcome the principal arguments against universalism,

Answer 7

That all universalistic codes inevitably reflect the preferences of specific cultures or civilizations, which assume that their moral practices are valid for the entire human race; Moral universals are "imperfect" and indeterminable (Pufendorf and Vattel).

Answer 8

The right to cultural difference, but the defense of universalism is not an argument for the destruction of cultural diversity.

Answer 9

To find the right balance between the universal and the particular and to defend moral inclusion and equality without positing a single human identity, and to value difference without subscribing to doctrines of innate superiority and inferiority and correlative forms of moral exclusion.

Answer 10

He places emphasis on the importance of answerability of all others+ what it highlights is the need for the destruction of all systematic forms of exclusion and the preeminence of the obligation to develop global arrangements than can secure nothing less than the consent of each and every member of the human race.

Answer 11

The universalism thatHabermas defends implies that the inner sanctum must be available for the scrutiny of outsiders if it has any impact at all upon their equal right to promote their own ends.

Answer 12

A critical theory of ir can argue that teh state does not exhaust our moral and political obligations. The obligations that survive the political fragmentation of the human race are nto simply the obligations that states scquire as equal members of a society of states. Universal obligations that exist alongside the obligations that individuals possess as members of particular communities require their political representatives to promote higher levels of human solidarity and community.