Education and Censorship

10 important questions on Education and Censorship

Overall, according to Watts, was educational reform successful?

Alexander's II reign was notable for its achievements in education

How had elementary education been managed for centuries in Russia before Alexander II?

Church had a monopoly of control over primary education in Russia for centuries; and the standard for teaching was generally poor

When did Alexander II reform primary education?

1864: Zemstva gained control of the provision of many public services; particularly elementary education which they administered through school boards
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What was the increase in primary schools in Alexander II's reign?

1856: 8,000
1880: 23,000

What was the quality of teaching in zemstva run schools?

The quality of teaching in these new secular schools had increased dramatically

What were the reforms to secondary education under Alexander II?

  1. Secondary education curriculum was modernised
  2. numbers of students attending secondary schools doubled to around 800,000 in the first decade of Alexander's reign

When was tertiary education reformed under Alexander II?

1863: Alexander approved new statues allowing universities to exercise administrative autonomy

What reforms were there to censorship under Alexander II?

Preliminary censorship was relaxed and judicial procedure substituted for administrative repression; this constituted a 'thaw' in censorship which encouraged publishing

Who instigated the liberalisation of censorship in Russia?

Golovnin, the Minister for Education (1861-1866)

Why was the system of education and censorship not liberalised further?

Assassinations attempts on the Tsar in the latter part of his reign made him more reactionary.

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