Slavery in the Indian Ocean World
15 important questions on Slavery in the Indian Ocean World
How did the IOW have the first 'global' economy? (Braudel)
In this maritime exchange of commodities, money, technology, ideas and people.
What was the difference of the oceanic trade and the maritime exchange of the IOW?
- the IOW trade was dominated by 'littoral' mercantile communities whom were largely independent from centralised landbased polities. They were however protected by these polities as they benefitted from their success.
Why are societies whom developed economies based on irrigation/water storage always linked to forms of enslavement?
The demographic growth was used by slave owners/elite to establish their work force and thereby a hierarchical society. (2500BC)
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Why did two systems of enslavement immerse in the IOW?
What two systems of enslavement developed in the IOW?
- Kill the male captives, sell the females and children. Male were a higher flight+fight risk. (nomadic/pastoralist societies)
- Male captives were situated alongside women and children in a state of community bondage. The workforce so became 'mobile' because a caste-like system emerged. (advanced and settled agricultural regions)
What was the most common reason for enslavement in the IOW?
'Debtor-slaves' enjoyed a higher status than imported slaves and would regain their status after they had paid off their debt.
What are the different forms of enslavement and debt?
- Debt bondage: voluntarily paying their debt through enslavement. Most common, 50 % of the population in Thailand. Not really slaves.
What were other ways to become a slave?
- from serf to slave: children were 'pawned', if their sum wasn't paid back soon enough they became slaves
- tribute or ransom
- sold by family members into permanent or temporary slavery
- kidnapping
- legally imposed enslavement for crime
- voluntarily: natural disasters, keep everyone alive: those enslaved and the family members who weren't
What kinds of servile labour existed?
- productive: agriculture, craft, commerce transport
- non-productive: military, guards, domestic labour, entertainment, sexual services
Where did slaves in the IOW come from?
What change occurred in the long 19th century and what were the consequences?
Also the militaries increased, from European but IOW nations and needed labour.
Why did female enslavement grow?
Female slaves had a better chance of assimilation into the slave-holding society and concubines mostly had a better lifestyle then most.
Nonetheless forced prostitution and female-trafficking grew in times of war.
What are the main points that makes IOW slave trade different from the Atlantic model?
- slaves rarely lived in large communities (no plantations)
- vast range of functions and responsibilities
- slaves were also a matter of status/wealth (conspicuous consumption)
- less violence against slaves (more worth of slaves)
- traditional and prescribed rights
- there is no word slave, only terms signifying different levels of servility with different rights/status
Why does the slave-free dichotomy not apply well to IOW slavery?
How could you define slavery in the IOW and why is this definition complicated?
This is difficult because in most IOW societies the king so owned all those of lower status, some laborers were in this case seen as his property. But the king was 'owned' by the gods. The hierarchies thus overlap.
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