Slavery in Africa
17 important questions on Slavery in Africa
As what is slavery overall defined in this chapter?
What was very important in African slavery?
- Slave status was mostly passed on from mother to children (hen-chicken Meillassoux). slaves as property
- slaves belonging to a society: institutions of marginality
Why is ethnicity of slaves important when looking at slavery?
Here also being 'born in the house' makes a difference, because these lines then become blurry. The alienness recedes.
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How did the concept of ethnicity work in this time?
- ascription (by self and others) toeschrijving
- conscription (through immigration and slavery)
- removal (through sale, kidnapping or slave raiding)
Ethnicity under influences of above factor wasn't a case of belonging or not belonging to a group. But a variable.
What were the most common means of enslavement in Africa?
- warfare
- military raids
- kidnapping
What did Patterson mean by social death?
Before the emergence of the American slave systems what were reasons to enslave others?
- Punishment
What was the central feature in slavery and what did it result in?
Power of masters over slaves:
- lack of choice
- sexuality
- right of life and death
How was sexuality controlled by slave masters?
- sexual access and reproduction controlled: separation, castration
- treatment als sexual objects
- ability to marry closely administered
- pricing of slaves (high to low): eunuchs, pretty women
- children were property of the master: right to raise children depended on the master
How did the right of life and death affect slaves?
- slaves could be sacrificed
- being born in to slavery: gave a different perspective. slavery was always an option when you weren't enslaved because of the wars/raid etc. children weren't told or learned from new captives. emancipation wasn't to be expected.
Why did the slave populations need to be replenished?
- relatively short life span: harsh work, sacrifices, travel conditions
- demographic inbalance between the sexes: more males
- children of free men: children of free men and slave wives/concubines were often granted full or part freedom
Other forms of servile labors and organizing work were:
- serfdom: being tied to the land. often disturbed by raiding
- clientage: voluntarily attaching themselves to political and military elites with possible payment for fees (under consent of master)
- pawnship: being held als colleteral for debts of relatives. labor was a means of securing credit
- marriage contracts: groom and kin work for family of the bride. still 'pressured'
What is know of slavery and islam?
- It was illegal to enslave muslims
- it was illegal to sell slaves to non-muslims
- there was a debate on legal/illegal slavery through muslim scholars whom were trained in islamic law
What do we know of the trans-atlantic/saharan slave trade?
- slavetrading was part of commerce and thus economic life
- removal via commerce was the best way to control slaves
- africa has always suffered a drain of population which affected economic, social and political development
- there was a clear divide in muslim/non-muslim africa as almost all slaves came from non-muslim parts
What consequences did the British abolition of slavery in 1807 have?
- Slavery didn't end but continued under colonial rule into the 20th century
- Enslaved were not freed but no longer legally recognized, ending of slavery took decades because only 'new' children were born free
- Enslaved ran away, but new relationships were also negotiated in which individuals could earn money
What happened widespread over Africa and why?
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