Theories of cleavage and polarization - Harteveld and affective polarization

4 important questions on Theories of cleavage and polarization - Harteveld and affective polarization

Do citizens evaluate partisans different than parties?

There is a correlation between party sympathy and partisans are low at the individual level. Especially present by Populist and the more radical individuals

What constitutes an outgroup?

Individuals show more hostility towards outgrips, especially when it is based upon cultural issues

How do supporters feel towards other parties?

They like their own parties more and there is a gradual level of dislike. A division can be found between the radical right and the center
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Do some parties receive more negative effects than others?

Populist radical right receive more negative effects

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