Summary: Theories Of Leadership And Management

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• ''Week 1 Mechanisms''

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• What was Bandura's vision on Social Learning?

  His theory added a social element. He argued that people can learn new information and behaviours by watching other people. This is known as observational learning/ learning from observing a role model.

• 3 forms of reinforcement and what does this include:

  1. Direct reinforcement: When an indivudual watches a model perform, imitates that behaviour and is rewarded and punished for the behaviour.
     
  2. Vicarous Reinforcement:The observer anticipates receiving a reward/punishment for behaving in a given way because someone else has been rewarded/punished for that behavior
  3. Self-reinforcement: Striving to meet personal standards without depending on the reaction of other. 

• 2 types of observational learning

  1. Inhibition: learning what not to do by observing a model refraining from a particular behaviour
     
  2. disinhibition: learning to exhibit a behaviour that is usually disapproved by observing a model exhibiting that behaviour and not being punished. 

• How must an ethical leader who can influence employee outcomes be viewed according to Brown, Trevino & Harrison?

   The leader must be viewed as an attractive, credible, and legitimate role model who engages in normatively appropriate behavior and makes the ethics message salient.

• What did the study of Brown, Trevino & Harrison demonstrate according to the behaviour of employees that have an supervisor that is perceived as an ethical leader?

  They are more willing to engage in proactive helpful behavior such as reporting problems to management.

• Henri Tajfel & John Turner (1979) proposed that the groups  which people belong to are.....

   an important source of pride and self-esteem. Groups give us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world.

• What is social categorisation?

  The act of putting oneself and others into categories.
  In-group vs. Out-group

• What is social identification?

  When you absorb the culture, norms, values of your in-group. You then notice the differences between people in your in-group versus out-group. The group becomes an important part of your social identity.

• What is social comparison?

  To boost self esteem, one starts to think of their in-group as better than and superior to their out-group. Tajfel and Turner used the term “positive distinctiveness”.

• Consequences of perceived organizational support

  • Organisational cynicism(-) and job satisfaction(+) 
  • Commitment(+) and turnover(-)
  • Organisational citizenship behaviors(+)