Threats to Internal Validity
10 important questions on Threats to Internal Validity
What are the 3 variables of disinterest and its characteristics?
2. Control variable (likely to be related to both independent and dependent variable, but is named in research and measured.)
3. Background variable (Not immediately relevant for the relation between de dependent and independent variable and is to see how representative participants of the study are for a larger group, and is also measured)
What is a Factorial design and what are its characteristics?
- Interaction effect: The combined effect of two or more independent variables on a dependent variable.
Why is a factorial design named as an incomplete design?
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When is a design "within" factor and when is a design "between"?
- A design is between when these levels are tested in separate groups
What is a laboratory if we talk about lab studies?
What is a downside of a lab study?
What are four experimental designs and its characteristics?
- Two-group pretest posttest design (added pretest of de DV before exposure to IV. Protects against maturation threat. Can lead to practice effect)
- Solomon 4-group design (Combination of two group and pre/post two-group.
- Within/ Repeated measures design (All participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable)
Name the four quasi-experimental designs and its characteristics
Experiment with a posttest.
No random assignment
Selection threat
Pre-existing difference on the dependent variable might be present
- Pre/posttest non-equivalent control group design
Static group comparison design with a pretest
Controls the threat of selection and maturation.
- Interrupted time-series design
Pre/posttest non-equivalent control group design but with more measurements of the dependent variable
- Replicated interrupted time-series design
Adds a second group of participants for which the dependent variable is measured at the same time point, but no treatment.
Rules out the effect of History
What is a correlations design
Name for correlational designs and its characteristics
A cross-section or a population/large group is considered at one specific time.
Participants were not selected on level of independent variable
Survey design.
Time-series design
One person being measured at several points in time
Longitudinal design
Panel design
Time series cross-sectional design.
Follows more than one individual over a longer period of time, without an intervention or placebo,
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