Toxicological mechanisms behind cancer

9 important questions on Toxicological mechanisms behind cancer

What are characteristics of cancer?

  • Malignant neoplasm
  • Uncontrolled growth
  • Invasion
  • Metastasis

What are stages in cancer development?

  1. Hyperplasia
  2. Dysplasia
  3. In situ cancer
  4. Malignant tumour
  5. Metastases

What are examples of proto-oncogenes?

  • PDGF = platelet-derived growth factor
  • Ki-RAS = stimulatory signaling pathway
  • MDM2 = antagonist of p53 tumour-suppressor protein
  • WNT = normal physiological processes
  • MYC = transcription factor
  • ERK = extracellular signal-regulated kinases or classical MAP kinases
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What are examples of tumour-suppressor genes?

  • NF-1 = inhibition of a stimulatory protein
  • RB = inhibition of the cell cycle
  • BRCA1/2 = DNA damage repair
  • P53 = induction of apoptosis
  • APC = adenomatosis polyposis coli, control of cell division

What are important cancer-inducing factors?


  • Chemicals
  • RNA and DNA viruses
  • Radiation
  • Genetic factors

What are chemical cancer-inducing factors?

  • Alkylation of DNA
  • Oxidation (Reactive Oxygen Species)
  • Cross linking
  • Single or double strand breaks

What are RNA and DNA viral cancer-inducing factors?

  • Hepatitis B (DNA) and C (RNA)
  • Human (DNA) papillomavirus
  • Epstein-Bar virus

What are radiative cancer-inducing factors?

  • Ionizing radiation = X-rays, gamma-rays and cosmic rays
  • Non-ionizing radiation = UV radiation

What are genetic cancer-inducing factors?

  • Genetic susceptibility
  • Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC)
  • Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNCC)
  • Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP, colon cancer)

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