Toxicological mechanisms behind cancer
9 important questions on Toxicological mechanisms behind cancer
What are characteristics of cancer?
- Malignant neoplasm
- Uncontrolled growth
- Invasion
- Metastasis
What are stages in cancer development?
- Hyperplasia
- Dysplasia
- In situ cancer
- Malignant tumour
- Metastases
What are examples of proto-oncogenes?
- PDGF = platelet-derived growth factor
- Ki-RAS = stimulatory signaling pathway
- MDM2 = antagonist of p53 tumour-suppressor protein
- WNT = normal physiological processes
- MYC = transcription factor
- ERK = extracellular signal-regulated kinases or classical MAP kinases
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What are examples of tumour-suppressor genes?
- NF-1 = inhibition of a stimulatory protein
- RB = inhibition of the cell cycle
- BRCA1/2 = DNA damage repair
- P53 = induction of apoptosis
- APC = adenomatosis polyposis coli, control of cell division
What are important cancer-inducing factors?
- Chemicals
- RNA and DNA viruses
- Radiation
- Genetic factors
What are chemical cancer-inducing factors?
- Alkylation of DNA
- Oxidation (Reactive Oxygen Species)
- Cross linking
- Single or double strand breaks
What are RNA and DNA viral cancer-inducing factors?
- Hepatitis B (DNA) and C (RNA)
- Human (DNA) papillomavirus
- Epstein-Bar virus
What are radiative cancer-inducing factors?
- Ionizing radiation = X-rays, gamma-rays and cosmic rays
- Non-ionizing radiation = UV radiation
What are genetic cancer-inducing factors?
- Genetic susceptibility
- Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC)
- Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNCC)
- Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP, colon cancer)
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