Endocrine disruptors + Early exposure - Late effects + Risk assessment (TOX 6)
22 important questions on Endocrine disruptors + Early exposure - Late effects + Risk assessment (TOX 6)
What is the "Barker hypothesis"?
There is a downside of the "Barker hypothesis".What is it?
What was seen during the Dutch hunger winter?
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What is the relation between epigenetics and DOHaD?
Where does DNA methylation occur?
What are the two types of DNA methyltransferases? And what is their function?
DNMT1: maintenance
DNMT3a/b: de novo
What are examples of chemicals that can change the epigenome?
- Vinclozolin
- DES
- Methoxychlor
- Bisphenol A
- Dioxin
- Phytoestrogens
- Heavy metals
- Tributyltin
- Cigarette smoke
What is the epigenetic change caused by DES? What was DES used for?
What is the difference between trans- and multigenerational?
Multigenerational means that there was exposure of mother, child, and grand child.
What are risk factors for obesity?
- Diet
- Physical activity
- Underlying genetics
- Prenatal environment (smoking, stress, exposure to EDCs)
What is the OBELIX hypothesis?
Developmental exposure to an EDC can program the organism for increased sensitivity to develop obesity and related disorders later in life.
What is the approach of OBELIX?
- Epidemiology
- Toxicology
- Risk assessment
What is something important that you need to keep in mind about DOHaDs?
Is endocrine disruption a problem?
What is the mechanism of action of hormones?
How are hormones chemically classified?
- Steroid hormones
- Peptide hormones
How are hormones biologically classified, based on their role?
- Releasing hormones
- Stimulating (or tropic) hormones
- Non-tropic hormones
How are hormones biologically classified, based on receptor type?
- Membrane receptor
- Nuclear receptor
What are the modes of actions for EDCs?
- Focus on (anti)estrogenecity
- Receptor binding (activate (agonism) or inhibit (antagonism))
- Non-receptor mediated alterations of endocrine function
What can you tell about the ANO-genital distance?
What are susceptible windows?
Periods of intense hormonal changes and changes in morphology and cell proliferation.
What are susceptible windows for breast cancer?
- Gestation
- Pre-puberty
- Pregnancy
- Menopause
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