Processes of gene expression and protein turnover

20 important questions on Processes of gene expression and protein turnover

What is the 3rd end in the DNA?

a nucleotide that ends with the hydroxyl group (OH)

Which parts of the pre-mRNA, introns and exons, are coding for proteins?

The exons

Which protection mechanisms are attached to mRNA to protect it from direct degradation?

A cap at the 5th end and a poly-A tail at the 3rd end.
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Where are the genes for rRNA located?

In a vesicle inside the nucleus, the nucleolus

Why do humans not express myosin 2b, while we have the gene?

The promotor region misses 1 nucleotide.

How do you get a transcription factor to the nucleus?

  1. express specific factor (MyoD)
  2. change conformation of present transcription factor by phosphorylation (PGC-1a)

What is the role of generic exercise in translation?

It speeds up translation by eIF2 and eIF4

How does exercise affect the RNA in cells?

It increases eIF2 and eIF4 and rRNA

Why can hypertrophy sometimes not work in older people?

  • lack of amino acids
  • DNA mutation
  • epigenetic modifications
  • low eIF factors

What are the four complexes involved in protein degradation?

  • calpains
  • lysosomes
  • ubiquitine proteasome
  • oxidative stress

What activates calpains?

Calcium flux in the cells.

What is the main function of calpain?

Activate proteinases that cut the cytoskeletal proteins.
initiate apoptosis

What are the mayor cytoskeletal proteins?

  • titin
  • desmin
  • nebulin

How is calpain directed apoptosis regulated?

  • adaptor proteins (TNF-a)
  • mitochondrial dysfunction

What is the main triggering factor for cytoskeletal structure degradation?

Calcium influx

What is the difference between caspase and calpain?

Calpain is Ca2+ activated and involved in cytoskeletal degradation, caspase is also Ca2+ indirectly activated and involved in apoptosis.

In what kind of environment do lysosomal enzymes work best?

in an acid environment.

Why is it important to keep the energy status of the cel high enough just after training?

amino acids have to be activated by a reaction with ATP for binding to t-RNA.

What is the function of the protein desmin?

Connecting the Z-disks of sarcomeres laterally to the sarcolemma.

What is the function of the protein nebuline?

Giving structure to actin filaments in serie.

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