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An ongoing reform process

9 important questions on An ongoing reform process

What is the Agenda 2000?

Agenda 2000 = An influential action programme adopted by the Commission on 15 July 1987, which set out the reforms needed for the EU to enlarge in 2004 and in 2007.

The Agenda 2000 reform also endorsed two important innovations that affected the policy discourse. First, the term 'multifunctionality' was introduced, to signal what?

That agriculture is not only about production, but also incorporated 'non-production' aspects of farming - that is, its social, cultural, territorial, and environmental dimensions.

Multifunctionality = The notion in agricultural policy that policy can be used to serve a range of functions, including environmental protection and rural development.

When the Uruguay Round was concluded in 1994, the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) defined three 'boxes' used to distinguish between what?

Between support for agricultural policy programmes that directly stimulated production and consequently distorted trade, and those that were considered to have no direct effect on production and trade.

Direct effect = A principle of EU law by which provisions of EU law are to be enforced in national courts, and which imposes obligations on those against whom they are enforced.

What is the Uruguay Round?

The eighth round of multilateral trade negotiations (MTN) conducted within the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), spanning from 1986 to 1994 and embracing 223 countries. The Round transformed the GATT into the World Trade Organization (WTO). The Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture provides for converting quantitative restrictions to tariffs and for a phased reduction of tariffs. The agreement also imposes rules and disciplines on agricultural export subsidies, domestic subsidies, and sanitary and phytosanitary measures.

The AoA defined which three boxes?

1) Domestic measures with a direct effect on production were placed in the 'amber box': they had to be cut;
2) Measures considered to be 'decoupled from production', with no linkage between the amount of payment and the production process, agricultural prices, or factors of production, were placed in the 'green box' and could be freely used;
3) Payments linked to programmes aiming at limiting production went into the 'blue box' and did not need to be reduced, as long as certain conditions were met.

What was the second discursive innovation of the Agenda 2000 reform?

To distinguish between two 'pillars' of the CAP (not to be confused with the three EU pillars). In addition to a first pillar dedicated to market support, rural development became the 'second pillar' of the CAP.

This (ik: the second discursive innovation) was presented as what?

A way of enhancing the 'the multifunctionality' of European agriculture in line with a subsidiarity-based approach.

A new CAP reform plan was issued by the European Commission in July 2002. This plan was largely driven by the new WTO negotiations, within which the fate of the blue box became more and more uncertain, making it clear that the EU could secure CAP payments to European farmers only by what?

By transferring them to the green box, meaning their further 'decoupling' from production.

Decoupling = The divorcing of the grant of direct aid to farmers from production in the context of the CAP.

But the French government refused to reduce its support for its larger cereal growers and wanted reform postponed until 2006. When did the Agricultural Council finally reached a compromise?

In 2003.

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An ongoing reform process

9 important questions on An ongoing reform process

What is the Agenda 2000?

The Agenda 2000 reform also endorsed two important innovations that affected the policy discourse. First, the term 'multifunctionality' was introduced, to signal what?

When the Uruguay Round was concluded in 1994, the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) defined three 'boxes' used to distinguish between what?

What is the Uruguay Round?

The AoA defined which three boxes?

What was the second discursive innovation of the Agenda 2000 reform?

This (ik: the second discursive innovation) was presented as what?

A new CAP reform plan was issued by the European Commission in July 2002. This plan was largely driven by the new WTO negotiations, within which the fate of the blue box became more and more uncertain, making it clear that the EU could secure CAP payments to European farmers only by what?

But the French government refused to reduce its support for its larger cereal growers and wanted reform postponed until 2006. When did the Agricultural Council finally reached a compromise?

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