And : Substance Use Disorders

25 important questions on And : Substance Use Disorders

Why is addiction an brain disease?

Because drugs change the brain

What is the heritablity for alcohol-related behavior?

Moderate heritability and some shared environmental influences

Correlation problem drinking parents & alcohol use biological children

0.30
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Correlation alcohol use non-biological siblings at different age and sex

0.01

ACE initiation alcohol use

Larger effect of C. Especially a high C in boys.

ACE frequency alcohol use

In boys: A and E. In girls: A, C en some E

ACE problem alcohol use

Large A en some E

What is more heritabile: frequency drinking or desire to quit?

Frequency (58%)
Desire to quit (38%)

Prevalence smoking in the Netherlands

22,4% occasionally  and 16.4% smokes daily

How the nicotine dependence is tested?

Fagerstrom test

Describe combined model for smoking

Initiation and dependency are two different dimensions that are not independent. Most evidence for smoking.

Effect of parental monitoring on adolescent smoking

It moderate the importance of genetics and environmental influences on adolescent smoking.

ACE cannabis use in the Netherlands

A: 0.44
C: 0.31
E: 0.24

SNPs in the ADH and ALDH2 influences:

Alcohol use and age

Characteristics asian flush

  • Red skin
  • Unpleasant effect
  • Increased heart rate
  • Red eyes
  • Headache
  • Increased risk to cancer

Function CYP2A6 on smoking

It is related to nicotine metabolism, thus on the amount of cigarettes.

Function SNPs on chromosome 8&18

Coding for nicotine metabolizing enzymes and nicotinergic acetylcholine receptor subunits.

Difference between genes of smokers are related to:

  • Immune system
  • Blood clothing
  • Cancer pathways

Understand the paths leading to individual difference in drugs use helps:

  • Making a risk profile
  • Guide pharmacotherapy
  • Develop new treatments

Where is alcohol initiation associated with?

Externalizing behavior

Which factors have a protective effect on alcohol use?

Factors with a negative correlation:

  • Family functioning
  • SES
  • Secondary school level
  • Wellbeing  

Which factors promote alcohol initiation?

Factors with a positive correlation

  • Prenatal alcohol
  • Tobacco exposure
  • Childhood and adolescent externalizing
  • Parental divorce
  • Regular exercise
  • Urbanization
  • Socializing with friends

How much deaths are caused by alcohol consumption?

3 million

For how much percentage is alcohol abuse responsible for the global burden?

5.1%

Males --> 7.1%
Females --> 2.2%

What is the leading risk factor for premature mortality and disability among people ages from 15 to 49?

Alcohol

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