Summary: W2: What Is Sociology Ii?

Read the summary and the most important questions on W2: What is Sociology II?

• 3 Networks

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• Networks have characteristics: What is the meaning of these characteristics of networks?:- Composition- Size- Variation- Density- Reachability network members

  Composition
  = from diverse groups of people
  
  Size
  - needs vary --> from person to person
  - small networks --> are vulnerable
  
  Variation
  - in ages, occupations, men/women
  - heterogenous network --> gives more behavioral alternatives
  - homogenous netwerk --> less behavioral alternatives
  
  Density
  = strength of connections
  = intensity of contact
  
  Reachability network members
  = accessibility
  - geographically, time, etc

• 4 Dependency relationships

• - What are the different forms of dependency relationships, and what do they involve?- Name 4 different types of dependency relationships.

  1. Command economy
  - many rules of behavior, authoritarian relationships
  
  2. Negotiation household
  - behavior is arranged --> by mutual agreement/consent
  
  Different types dependency relationships
  - economic bonds
  - political bonds
  - affective bonds
  - cognitive bonds

• 5 Position and structure

• What is the difference between a position and structure?

  Position 
  = place a person occupies 
  --> in relation to others
  
  Structure 
  = relationship between all kinds of positions
  - very hierarchical, equal, mixture

• 5.1 social hierarchies

• What are social hierachies?

  In a group/society there are several subgroups:
  
  The members have approximately 
  --> equal positions of respect 
  --> to members of the subgroup
  
  But unequal positions with respect 
  --> to other members
  
  Ranking can be made on the basis of:
  - power
  - knowlegde
  - education
  - income
  - property
  - ancestery

• 5.3 social mobility

• Social inequality occurs in all societies: What role does social mobility play in a 'open' society? Explain.

  In a 'open' society:
  
  1. Criteria on which people are considered unequal
  --> is up for discussion (nobility, hard work)
  
  2. People can change 'social status' 
  --> moving up or down the social ladder (eduction is important here)

• 6 Influences

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• 6.1 power

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• - What is the definition of power?- What is the difference between relational power and structural power?

  Power = ability of people 
  - to lead others --> to certain forms of behavior
  - in accordance with their own needs
  - even if other do not agree or want it
  
  Relational power
  - one person has power --> over another person
  
  Structural power
  - what impact individuals/groups have
  --> on the course of things

• 6.2 authority

• - What is the definition of authority?- What does authority mean on a relational and structural level?

  Authority = a form of influences that:
  - is perceived as right + reasonable 
  --> by both parties (authority + subordinate)
  --> and from which rights and duties arise (protection from violence)
  
  Relational level (max webber)
  - ability to lead others --> to certain forms of behavior
  - in accordance --> with their own goals
  - with the consent of others
  
  Structural level
  - degree to which people --> individually + collectively
  - are able to direct decisions --> made in a group or society
  - according to their own goals, values or interests 
  - with the consent of others

• Max Weber says there are 3 forms of authority:- What are these forms and what do they involve? Give an example with each.

  
  1. Traditional authority
  = someone has authority --> bc it is or it should be
  ex: parents
  
  2. Rational authority
  = someone has authority --> bc there are good arguments for it
  ex: teacher bc of expertise
  
  3. Charismatic authority
  = someone has authority --> bc they are a special person
  ex: religious leaders

• 6.3 manipulation

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• - What is the definition of manipulation?- What is the difference between relational and structural manipulation?

  Manipulation = person being influenced
  --> is unaware of it 
  
  Relational manipulation
  = getting someone to behave --> in certain ways
  - in accordance --> with one's own ends
  --> without the knowledge of the other person
  
  Structural manipulation
  - directing people
  - according to one's own ends
  --> without their knowledge 

• 7 Social developments

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• What is the difference between goal rationality and value rationality?

  Goal rationality
  - ability --> to achieve concrete goals
  - in most efficient + effective way
  
  Value rationality
  - ability --> to promote values + questions
  - of meaning in action