Water ofzo

20 important questions on Water ofzo

What are factors that effect runoff?

  • urbanisation - more impervious (ondoordringbaar) surface reduce infiltration, removal of vegetation (especially deforestation), artificial drainage networks can shorten runoff time to streams.

What is a river basin?

rivier stroomgebied

What is the effect of climate change on evaporation?

more radiation - warmer ocean surface - more evaporation
Warmer ow wtmosphere - higher moisture-holding capacity - 3.5% more water vapor - MORE GHG! (positive feedback)
-> more cyclones.
-> more moisture - more clouds - more albedo (both negative/positive - low clouds= more albedo, high clouds- trap more heat).
->! more evaporation - changes in ocean surface salinity - extremization of salinity differences - changes in circulation.
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Effect of climate change on precipitation?

Extremes in precipitation due to stronger divergence and convergence - divergence: rechts , divergence: links - differences between dry areas and wet areas become bigger.


What is the effect of climate change on storms?

Warming climate: increased intensity, decreased frequency

What is the North Atlantic oscillation?

winds move from high to low pressure zones. The difference in pressure dictates how strong the winds are. Positive nao: difference in pressure is large - westerly winds are stronger. Bring mild air from the Atlantic and that leads in the winter months to mild and wet conditions and pontentialls strormy winds. When the nao is negative, the pressure difference is small, westerly winds are weak, easterly winds are stronger, brings in more cold air + snow.

What is steric sea level rise?

The ocean is expanding due to expansion of water molecules - major contribution to sea level change. - occurs at places with higher temp and/or greater pressure. The increase in volume causes a decrease in density. - warmer sea=higher steric sea level rise. - ocean warmer - warm water expands.

What is eustatic sea level rise?

due to the amount of water in the ocean - net transfer of molten water from glaciers and ice sheets into the ocean. - less density.

Does sea ice melting lead to an increase in sea level rise?

Sea ice melt doesnt lead to an increase in sea level rise. Cold water is more dence, ice is less dence due to the oxygen in between them. - less albedo effect - more radiation into the water - warms the water.

What are the rcp scenario's?

Different scenario’s based on when we reduce ghg emissions.
RCP 8,5: bau scenario, 2,5: optimistic scenario, 4.5 is best we can hope for, will cause substantional climate change but not as catostrophic as rcp 8.5.
1.9: Paris agreement, <1.5
2.6: <2.0 degrees
4.5: 2.2 degrees by 2100
8.5: 3.7

What are consequences of sea level rise?

Coastal floods, Coastal salinization, freshwater availability,
loss of land

What are pluvial floods?

Intense rainfall for a short period of time, drainage system cannot cope. Or infiltration capacity soil is too low for intense precipitation or rapid groundwater rise or a combination of these 3.

What are river floods?

Intense rainfall upstream, can last for a longer time, produce most of the damage. - saturated soil, vegetation cover, sealed surface (cities), insufficient thickness of soil.

What are flash floods?

Prevalent in mountains or desert landscapes, short and intense rainfall

What are 3 elements essential of risk?

  • hazard: a potential damaging event, phenomenon ot human activity
  • exposure: people and economic assets in hazard-prone areas
  • vunerability: the potential of the exposed elements to suffer damage.

What are flood fatalities determined by?

hazard: depth, velocity (snelheid), duration and timing.
Exposure & vulnerability: number and age of exposed people
Adaptation: warning system In place, effectiveness of evacuation

Risk modeling only covers the direct, tangible effects.

What is water scarcity?

increased demand due to wealth and increasing population,
Depleting resources.

What is water scarcity?

lack of water to meet water needs, water shortage: in a specific place.

What is blue water?

blue water is water that is available to us but we need to put energy into it before we can use it. Think of irrigation, that is blue

What is the concept of water security?

Periods of droughts and glaciers melting - glaciers contain 70% of total freshwater on earth - Important for drinking water, energy production and irrigation - meltwater goes into rivers - fresh water.
Peak water: when there is not enough ice anymore to maintain the river flow

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