Coastal zones
10 important questions on Coastal zones
What are the three important domains of coastal zones and what are the factors that contribute to each domain?
2. Social & cultural; Recreation, cultural heritage & Living
3. Ecological; Biotic service, Biogeochemical services, and social & cultural services
What are the three reasons for coastal floods and how do they contribute to coastal floods?
2. Spatial development: Harbors and coastal squeezing
3. Natural disasters: Tsunamis and hurricanes
What are the effects of coastal floods on the tree important domains?
Economical:
- Loss of property and land
- Damage protection works and infrastructure
- Loss of resources
- Loss of tourism and recreation
- Impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality
Social & cultural:
- Increased flood risk / loss of life
- Damage to cultural heritage
- Loss of coastal habitats (coastal erosion)
- Increased risk of diseases
Ecological:
- Biodiversity & ecosystem loss or displacement (coastal erosion)
- Pollution of ecosystems
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What are the three types of responses to adaption of coastal floods?
- Hard measures: Revetments, groins, Dykes (water barrier infrastructure)
- Soft measures: Beach / wetland nourishment, Dune restoration and Sand engine. (Also changing infrastructure, but using more the natural elements and forcing them to be optimal in coastal protection)
2. Retreat
Managed relocation from high risk zones.
3. Accommodation (= mitigation)
Public Awareness, Natural disaster planning
Of which two steps does a decision-making process of floods consist of?
2. Determine which set of measures ia appropriate for the situation:
- Technical feasibility
- Economical feasibility
- Coastal overview
- Input of stakeholders
- Combination with other developments
What does a a flood protection or coast protection act entail?
- Possble use of coastal areas
- Allowed flood frequency
-Responsibilities
- Funding
- Measures to be taken (protect, retreat, accommodate)
Hard options: Rock armour/ Rip Rap
- Popular in recent years
- Cheaper than sea wall
Disadvantages
- Not very attractive
- Not easy for people to get over to get to beach (Broken ankles)
- Rats habitat
Soft measure: Off shore reef
- Provides inshore area of calm water
- Effective for preventing the cause of cliff erosion
Disadvantages
- Very expensive
- Needs opening for fishing boats to get to sea
- damages fish nets
- Can be breached in stormy conditions
Soft measure: Beach rebuilding
- Adds to tourist amenity by making bigger beach
- Attractive
- Works with natural processes of the coast
Disadvantages
- Needs frequentrenewal of more sand
- Does not protect cliff face from winter from winter storm waves.
Soft measure: Plant vegetation
- Works with th natural processes of the coast
- attractive
Disadvantages
- Can be damaged in stormy conditions.
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