Urban Water management
11 important questions on Urban Water management
What are the 3 main functions of water in urban areas and what are 4 corresponding subfunctions of each function?
- Discharge water surplus
- Store water
- Support aquatic & terrestrial ecosystem
- Recreation opportunities
2. Groundwater
- Supply water to vegetation
- Maintain Anaerobic ground
- Provide water (Industry & households)
- Store energy (Geothermal)
3. Drinking water
- Human water supply
- Household water supply
- Irrigation water supply
Of what three categories does an urban water balance exist and which processes occur in each category?
- Stream import
- Groundwater import
-Precipitation
2. Outputs:
- Stream export
- Groundwater export
- Evaporation.
3. Circulation in an urban area:
- Irrigation
- Surface runoff into stream
- Percolation into groundwater
- Domestic sewage
- Surface runoff into sewers
- Drainage into sewers
- Drinking water extraction
Which 4 stakeholders are responsible for maintaining a sustainable water balance for urban areas together? Name a specific role of each stakeholder.
2. Municipality: Facilitates and maintains sewers.
3. Waterboard: Operates the treatment plant.
4. Drinking water company: Operates drinking water treatment plant.
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What are the 6 specific hydrological processes in urban areas?
2. Interception (by vegetation and city structures)
3. Evapotranspiration (Evaporation by ponds & transpiration by plants)
4. Infiltration (To soil through permeable pavement)
5. Subsurface flows (through modified soils & drainage systems)
6. Surface water flows (Peak discharge/flushing into canals and rivers)
How is the natural water cycle affected by cities?
2. Reduced infiltration due to toe pavements
3. Less green results in less evapotranspiration
4. Huge wastewater discharge from household water + industrial wastewater
5. Large volumes of poor quality runoff water due to a dirty city (e.g. Precipitated car fumes, cigarettes and other human solid waste deposited on the streets)
What are well-known pollutants of urban water and what are their sources?
1. Sediments
2. Nutrients
3. Toxics
4. Litter & debris
Sources:
1. Households
2. Economic activities
3. Traffic
4. Rain
What are 7 general solutions to mitigate the urban water balance as close as possible to the natural water balance?
2. Reuse Wastewater
3. Reduce water consumption (e.g industries)
4. Increase evapotranspiration by planting more green.
5. Less pavement or permeable pavement to promote infiltration
6. Stormwater treatment.
7. Stormwater reuse.
Which 2 types of solutions belong to re-use as a solution to urban floodings, and what do they entail?
At home you can gather rain with a rain barrel and use that water to irrigate your garden.
2. Retention ponds:
Small or large ponds that allow storage after an intense rainfall. This water can be used for irrigation purposes across the city.
Which 3 types of options belong to increasing discharge capacity as a solution to urban floodings, and what o they entail?
Apply or increase the capacity of drainage canals which allows as storage for intense rainfall and transportation to rivers.
2. Stormwater runoff:
Increase runoff of stormwater into sewers and or rivers with certainly used infrastructure.
3. Capacity sewer system:
Increase the capacity of the current sewer system.
Note: The types, in general, less progressive and preferred compared to the infiltration, storage, and re-use options.
Which three types of pollutions are distinguished and what are their corresponding solutions?
Solved with Gross pollutant traps. E.g. Filters before sewage systems and mechanisms within sewer systems with settling characteristics to settle the gross solids. Both options need to be cleaned from time to time.
2. Coarse - medium solids (125 um to 5 mm): Swales can catch the medium pollutants and the grass as well.
3. Fine particles ( < 125 um): Wetlands or Bioretention areas allow water to infiltrate the soil and become groundwater whereas the pollutant remains trapped in the vegetation.
What are the 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of a separate sewage system as a solution for pollution?
1. No cleaning stormwater needed,
2. Less chance of discharged household water in surface water during periods of overcapacity treatment facility.
Disadvantages:
1. More cleaning of household water needed as the concentration increases.
2. Possibility of misconnections (mixing the two different sewage pipes)
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