Summary: Water Quality

Read the summary and the most important questions on Water Quality

• Lecture 1 & 2 : Transport & Exchange

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• What information do you need in the exercise in the beginning of the lecture about the pollutants in the Rhine coming from Germany?

  
  The source (amount loaded, timing, ...)
  Hydrology (dilution, time of travel, ..)
  Properties of the chemical (decay, binding, sedimentation,..)
  Ecotoxicology (effects on ecology, critical concentration, ..)

• Dia 13: Turbulent / mass transport is resulted by..

  Gradients of flow velocities caused by differences in width and deptj
  Turbulence due to rocks, water plants, obstacles
  and molecular diffusion

• dia 15: Sedimentation and resuspension is important for..

  Morphology
  light climate
  adsorption pollutants
  ecology (for substrate)
  safety (transparency)

• Dia 26: main characteristics of suspended solids and sediments

  -Composition (organic - inorganic)
  -grain size: sand (>63 microm), silt (2-63 microm) and clay (<2 microm)

• Dia 1 What is the Henry's Law?

  At a constant temperature, the concentration of a dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid.
  =H (atm*m3/mol)
  P = H* Cw
  P (atm)
  Cw (mol/m3)

• Lecture 1 & 2: Nutrients

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• Clear difference in N and P reaction. What can be an explanation?

  A. Phosphorus reduction in fertilizer is difficult to achieve:
  B: phosphorus is more mobile in soil, so it will be washed out easily.
  C. Phosphorus  is less mobile and is accumulated in the soil (absorption): right answer. A lot of phosphorus accumulated in soil and released again in water --> storage --> take a long time to be washed out of soil. Long delay of reaction (time bomb). Could be a situation that at one location in soil --> could be released suddenly --> detoriration of ecosystems
  
  Nitrogen is different: can be nitrate, is very mobile --> can find fast reaction by reduction

• Why are the nutrients N and P reduced?

  -Sedimentation (particulate N and P), settling particles, buried on layers, permanently buried, burial (permanent removal). Can also be resuspended so also temporal!
  -denitrification: major reduction of N nitrate to nitrogen gas
  -accumulation in biomass: algae, plants, take up nutrients and are released later
  
  regulating factors:
  morphology: flow rates, shape system that promote settling or not
  residence time: from up to downstreams
  water plants: decrease flow velocity, capture particles and settled in bottom and buried, stimulate denitrification of all kinds of biofilms, o.m.
  
  

• Lecture 1 & 2: Micropollutants

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• Why are the log K higher?

  Different types of organic matter
  Different categories:
  -natural carbon (brown leaves that form humus, fresh organic matter) and black carbon: combustion residues (after fires, flame --> deposited on land and water)
  Carbon terminology: biomass, charred biomass etc.
  -traffic soot, oil sooit, wood soot, coal soot, coal, charcoal, fly ash, activated carbon, graphite): all have high surface area
  -activated carbon: (norit) binds greatly with chemicals
  -differences in surface areas / density   
  -huge surface area: means that they can bind chemicals very strong

• Lecture 1 & 2: Oceans

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• Why study oceanography?

  Oxygen production
  climate and weather
  food
  transport routes
  recreation/religious

• What are important water properties?

  Highest density at liquid form (approx. 4 celsius degrees
  
  Heat capacity is high (stable Temperature, also in climate, moderate climate in western Europe)
  
  excellent solvent (i.e. Na+ and Cl-)
  
  density water is > than density ice