Kaufman - The complexitiy of Greatness: beyond talent or practice - Ericsson - Giftedness and Evidence for Reproducibly Superior Performance: An Account Based on the Expert-Performance Framework

16 important questions on Kaufman - The complexitiy of Greatness: beyond talent or practice - Ericsson - Giftedness and Evidence for Reproducibly Superior Performance: An Account Based on the Expert-Performance Framework

A central problem with identifying exceptional achievements is that they require creativity.

Thats why they support a science of exceptional ability that requires a body of reproducible evidence that meets three criteria. Which ones?

Phenomena must be
  1. Observable
  2. Generated under controlled and standardized conditions (possible to elicit it repeately)
  3. reproducibly superior to motivated control groups

Name three ways how  individuals attain transitions between different states?

Practice
Experience
Maturation

PEM

What is deliberate practice?

Deliberate practice are repeated attempts to reach beyond one's current level which is associated with frequent failures.

It differs form mere experience and mindless drill, is not inherently enjoyable and is not reqarded with prizes or social acclaim
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What do you do in deliberate practices?

Engage in practice activities to refine particular mediating mechanisms

Exceptional performance doesn't appear suddenly or without prior training, how does it appear?

Gradually & through sustained engagement in appropriate practice activities.

What are mechanisms that are involved in deliberate practice?

  1. Problem-solving
  2. Iterative refinement
  3. Development of internal representations for planning, evaluating and monitoring mental representations.

How do you alter physiological and anatomical mechanisms that mediate expert performance?

Through long series of adaptations induced by biochemical responses to the strain induced by specific practice activities

How do you attain a higher level of functioning?

Only if practice intensity or duration is increased

What does a performer need to do to progress to higher levels in a task?

Practice needs to focus on the not-yet attained and challenging parts of the tasks.

Deliberate practice involves finding methods to push performance beyond the comfortable level. What do we need to keep in mind?

Failure is inevitable

How can you improve one's ability to select actions?

Set up practice tasks where selected actions can be evaluated by comparisons against gold standards or the action taken by expert performers.

What can engaging in deliberate practice help you in?

Enables the acquisition of complex movements and improves the speed at which these moves are executed

Based on the mechanisms of the Long Term Working Memory. 

What is the advantage an expert performer has in terms of memory skills?

It allows them to access appropriate superior moves and generate and consider multiple alternatives.

What does the psychological and physiological demands of deliberate practice limit?

It constrains the daily practice amounts.

What do prodogies still need and why?

Deliberate practice, to maintain/improve their level of performance

Gifted persons learn faster, but extreme performance is due to training.

What do experts actively seek out for?

They actively seek out environments and learning experiences that match their interests and support their continued development in the domain.

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