Summary: Week 4

Read the summary and the most important questions on Week 4

• 1 Week 4

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• religious fundamentalism: 3 attitudes (koopmans)

  1)that believers should return to eternal unchangeable rules laid down in the past (the fundaments)
  2)there is only one way to interpret these rule that is binding for all believers
  3)religious rules should have priority over secular laws

• straight line assimilation: 

  difference between native and migrants related to ‘initial shock’ of migration, convergence over time/generations

• Prevention and counter radicalization strategies

  -Stimulate positive social climate
  -Reduce sources of collective deprivation
  -Increase political trust and institutionalized political participation among Muslims
  -Individual radicalization/disengagement programs for radicalized individuals

• How is subjective well-being and discrimination related to the straight line assimilation theory?

  The subjective perception of life quality of immigrants in host country may be seen as an effective indicator of assimilation. The second generation with both parents immigrants sees life as fundamentally unfair. This shows a specific psycho-social experience among this group. The straight line assimilation concept is therefor not very useful when explaining differences between natives and immigrants. When the perceived discrimination is included in the analysis of ethnic groups, the differences between immigrants and natives almost disappear. The perceived discrimination affects happiness and life achievement anticipation.

• What are recent findings of Koopmans concerning religious fundamentalism and out-group hostility?

  Religious fundamentalism is the most important predictor of out-group hostility. The higher the level of fundamentalism, the higher the out-group hostility. It is a much greater problem than acknowledged according to Koopmans and religious religious fundamentalism is very likely to provide a nourishing environment for radicalization.

• What are the determinants of Subjective Well-Being?

  Need‐gratification theory (Maslow, 1970): assumes that life satisfaction is driven by the fulfilment of universal human needs, including basic physiological needs and the needs for safety, love and belonging, esteem, and personal growth. (think of the pyramid!)

• Is there cross-cultural variation regarding SWB?

  Yes and no, values-as-moderators hypothesis: some needs are more valued in individualistic societies for example.

• How can lowered life satisfaction among immigrants be explained?

  - difference in part relation to integration outcomes
   -difference in part associated with discrimination. Discrimination can have a contrasting effects on life satisfaction (more ethnic identification can also be a consequence of discrimination and this could increase the general life satisfaction)
   -migrants and native value the same thing in life, but migrants' happiness is increased by income

• What is the connection between religiolisy/religious identification and religious fundamnetalism?

  The overall tendency is that the more people consider themselves to be strongly religious, the higher the religious fundamentalism. Differences between christians (least), alevites (moderate), sunnites (most).

• Religious fundamentalism and tolerance/outgroup liking (lecture)?

  The more religious, the more people think negative of out-groups. (such as muslims about jews). Criticism of validity of this approach:  the enemy of the enemy is your friend. So you want to distinquish from stereotypes of muslims who dislike homosexuals/jews.