Summary: Week 7- Early Muslim Communities

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• Describe Muslims in Britain 1500-1800 (3 points)

  The first records show Turks and moors traded in English and
  Welsh ports in the 16th century.   
  
  Other Muslims were slaves who had been freed by British sailors who were working on ships.
  
  There are records of the establishment of Turkish baths and coffee hourses in the 17th C.

• What is the East India Company?

  It was established in 1600 and it became an important channel of muslims to the British Isles. 
  
  As it expanded it required more manpower and so many indian sailors were recruited, however many jumped ship and chose to settle in britian.

• Define Ayah's, Lascars and Princes.

  1. Ayah's- agents of the East Indian company who brought home indian servents and nannies (Ayah's). 
  
  2. Lascars- They were sailors who were recruited from India to work for the company. They were the first large group of muslims to arrive in the 18th c.
  Due to the harsh conditions on some of the ships, many chose to 'jump ship' and settled in Britain. 
  
  3. Princes- There are documents of noble muslim visitors for example princes who arrived in 18th c. 
  e.g. Sake Dean Mohamed (1759-1851).

• Who is Sake Dean Mohamed?

  Born 1759-1851. He is an example of a noble visitor who migrated to Britain. 
  
  Indian writer, traveller, surgeon and entrepreneur
  
  he moved to ireland in 1784 and later to Brighton
  
  He opened the 1st Indian restaurant in 1810 in London
  
  He introduced shampooing to britain
  
  He opened steam baths in britain.

• Describe migration in the 19th C.

  The british empire expanded rapidly between 1815 and 1914 and many muslim lands came under british control. 
  -> As a consequence many unskilled workers came to britain as part of the colonial enterprise in 19th c in search of new opportunities.
  
  Many settled at the end of the 19th c. since the volume of trading increased in 1869 due to the opening of the Suez canal.
  -> generally people settled in areas close to docks e.g. cardiff, east london, manchester.

• What is the significance of cardiff?

  - It was one of the most popular places to settle. 
  - It was the primary outlet for coal
  - By 1900 it was the worlds largest exporter of coal.
  - By the end of the 19th c. there were 5000 arab seamen who lived in cardiff.

• Describe immigration and world war 1 (4 points)

  There was increased demand in 1914 for manual labour and so the number of muslims in britains seaports increased. 
  
  The foreign population rose from 700 in 1914 to 3000 in 1919
  
  After the war the coal trade went into decline and so many sailors lost their jobs.
  -> The men returning home from the war demanded preference over  aliens and so muslims faced prejudice and as a result the Aliens Act 1920 was put into place to control immigration.

• Who was Sheikh Abdullah Ali Al- Hakimi ?

  He styled himself as the head of the muslim community in the UK. 
  
  He came to britain in 1936 after working as a sailor.
  
  He helped to revive the arab communities and taught islam to british wives of yemeni soldiers.

• Describe the effect of world war 2 on muslim immigration:

  There was another rise in demand for foreign seamen and so there was an increase in immigration again. 
  
  1940's was a high point of development of Butetown (ghetto in cardiff) as a community of sailors.
  
  Many muslims worked in factories and in construction to support the war effort.

•  What was the effect of partition on immigration?

  -Partition of India started in 1947 when India and Pakistan won independence. People then had the opportunity to move between them however many chose to move to Britain as it appealed to them more, especially if they had family there. 
  
  - Many who migrated from Pakistan ere war veterans who settled in Britain after fighting.