Samenvatting: Psychology | 9781464141959 | University Peter O Gray
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1 Foundations for the Study of Psychology
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Wat is de definitie van Psychologie? Welke gebieden bestudeert de psychologie en hoe zou je deze omschrijven?
De psychologie is de wetenschap van het gedrag (behavior) en de menselijke geest (mind).- Gedrag: de observeerbare handelingen van een persoon of dier.
- Geest: De subjectieve ervaringen van het individu en de onbewuste in het brein opgeslagen kennis die de basis vormt van het bewuste gedrag en ervaring.
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Hoe zijn genen betrokken in lange termijn gedragsveranderingen afgeleid van ervaringen?
De genen zitten er al ,maar de ervaring activeert deze, vervolgens worden de proteinen geproduceerd die op hun beurt de functie van het zenuwstelsel veranderen en daarbij ook de manier waarop het individu zich gedraagt. -
Door wie werd psychologie een wetenschap? En onder welke stroming viel hij? Leg ook uit wat die stroming globaal inhoud.
Wilhelm Wundt =
richtte het eerste wetenschappelijk instituut voor experimentele psychologie op en schreef een boek (1879, Leipzig). Hij onderzocht op een systematische manier hoe prikkels door de geest worden ontvangen en verwerkt. Hij hoorde bij het structuralisme.
Structuralisme =
lette vooral op het verkennen v.d. structuur v.d. bewuste ervaringen. -
Wat betekenen onderstaande (engelse) termen?Reciprocityvicarious reinforcementpituitaryincentiveconvergerencoördinerenproximityocclusionillusory conjunctions
Reciprocity = wederkerigheid
vicarious reinforcement = plaatsvervangende bekrachtiging
pituitary = hypofyse
incentive = stimulants, reinforcer
convergeren = beide ogen naar hetzelfde kijken
coördineren = object volgen met ogen
proximity =nabijheid
occlusion = overlapping
illusory conjunctions = misleidende verbindingen -
Wat houdt de term science (wetenschap) in en hoe wordt dit toegepast in de psychologie?
Wetenschap refereert aan alle pogingen om vragen te beantwoorden door het systematisch verzamelen en logisch analyseren van objectief waarneembare data. De meeste data in de psychologie is gebaseerd op observatie van het gedrag, omdat gedrag direct waarneembaar is en de geest niet, maar psychologen gebruiken die data vaak om conclusies te trekken over de menselijke geest. -
Wat is het verschil van geno en feno type
Genotype is de erfelijke genen van de ouders zoals de DNA, en een fenotype is wat tot uiting is gekomen van de genen van de ouders. -
Wat is verticale genoverdracht ?
bij seksuele voortplanting krijgen de nakomelingen een deel van het genetische materiaal van beide ouders. -
Wat is het verschil tussen een dominant en recessief gen/ allel?
Dominanten allelen( gen) komen altijd tot uiting bij een fenotype
Recessieve allelen komen alleen tot uiting als ze beiden op kleine a berusten.
dus aa ... beide ouders
Onvolledige dominant allel(gen) : zorgt voor een intermediair fenotype .
zowel het dominante als recessieve allen komen tot uiting . -
Wat is Polygene?Wat is multifactoriele kenmerken ?
Polygene is een overerving
Multifactoriele kenmerken is dan gevolg van mileu beïnvloeden en meedere (polygene) genencombinatie. -
1.1 Three Fundamental Ideas for Psychology: A Historical Overview
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Wat zijn de 3 ideeën van psychologie?
- Gedrag en mentale processen hebben geen bovennatuurlijke oorsprong, maar komen voort uit materie. Materialisme
- Een persoon verandert door ervaringen. Empirisme
- De mens is ontstaan uit evolutie door natuurlijke selectie. Nativisme
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Onderwerpen gerelateerd aan Samenvatting: Psychology
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Background to the Study of Psychology - Three Fundamental Ideas for Psychology: A Historical Overview - The Idea of Physical Causation of Behavior
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Background to the Study of Psychology - Three Fundamental Ideas for Psychology: A Historical Overview - The Idea That the Mind and Behavior Are Shaped by Experience
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Background to the Study of Psychology - Three Fundamental Ideas for Psychology: A Historical Overview - The Idea That the Machinery of Behavior and Mind Evolved Through Natural Selection
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Background to the Study of Psychology - The Scope Of Psychology
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Methods of Psychology - Lessons from Clever Hans - The Lessons
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Methods of Psychology - Types of Research Strategies - Research Designs
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Methods of Psychology - Types of Research Strategies - Research Settings
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Methods of Psychology - Types of Research Strategies - Data-Collection Methods
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Methods of Psychology - Statistical Methods in Psychology
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Methods of Psychology - Minimizing Bias in Psychological Research
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Methods of Psychology - Ethical Issues in Psychological Research
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Genetics and Evolutionary Foundations of Behavior - Review of Basic Genetic Mechanisms
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Genetics and Evolutionary Foundations of Behavior - Inheritance of Behavioral Traits
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Genetics and Evolutionary Foundations of Behavior - Evolution by natural selection
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Genetics and Evolutionary Foundations of Behavior - Natural selection as a foundation for functionalism
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Genetics and Evolutionary Foundations of Behavior - Natural selection as a foundation for understanding species-typical behaviors - Species-typical behaviors in humans
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Genetics and Evolutionary Foundations of Behavior - Natural selection as a foundation for understanding species-typical behaviors - The value of cross-spiecies comparisons of spiecies-typical behaviors
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Genetics and Evolutionary Foundations of Behavior - Evolutionary analyses of mating patterns
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Genetics and Evolutionary Foundations of Behavior - Evolutionary analyses of hurting and helping
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Basic processes of learning - Classical conditioning - Fundamentals of Classical Conditioning
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Basic processes of learning - Classical conditioning - What Is Learned in Classical Conditioning?
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Basic processes of learning - Classical conditioning - Conditioned Fear, Liking, Hunger and Sexual Arousal
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Basic processes of learning - Classical conditioning - Conditioned Drug Reactions
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Basic processes of learning - Operant conditioning - From the Law of Effect to Operant Conditioning: From Thorndike to Skinner
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Basic processes of learning - Operant conditioning - Principles of Reinforcement
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Basic processes of learning - Operant conditioning - Discrimination Training in Operant Conditioning
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Basic processes of learning - Beyond classical and operant theories of learning: play, exploration, and observation
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Basic processes of learning - Specialized Learning Abilities - Special Abilities for Learning What to Eat
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Basic processes of learning - Specialized Learning Abilities - Other Examples of Special Learning Abilities
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The neural contol of behavior - Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Brain
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The neural contol of behavior - Methods of Mapping the Brain's Behavioral Functions
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The neural contol of behavior - Functional Organization of the Nervous System
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The neural contol of behavior - Asymmetry of Higher Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
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The neural contol of behavior - Changes in the Brain over Time
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Mechanisms of motivation and emotion - General principles of motivation
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Mechanisms of motivation and emotion - Reward mechanisms of the brain
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Mechanisms of motivation and emotion - Hunger: An example of a regulatory drive
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Mechanisms of motivation and emotion - Sex: An example of a nonregulatory drive
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Mechanisms of motivation and emotion - The sleep drive
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Mechanisms of motivation and emotion - Foundations for understanding emotions
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Smell, Taste, Pain, Hearing and Psychophysics - Overview of Sensory Processes - Each sensory system has distinct receptors and neural pathways
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Smell, Taste, Pain, Hearing and Psychophysics - Psychophysics - The difference treshold depends on the magnitude of the original stimulus
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Smell, Taste, Pain, Hearing and Psychophysics - Smell
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Smell, Taste, Pain, Hearing and Psychophysics - Taste
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Smell, Taste, Pain, Hearing and Psychophysics - Pain
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Smell, Taste, Pain, Hearing and Psychophysics - Hearing
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The Psychology for Vision - How the Eye Works
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The Psychology for Vision - Seeing Colors - The trichromatic theory
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The Psychology for Vision - Development and Plasticity of the Visual System
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The Psychology for Vision - Seeing Forms, Patterns and Objects
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The Psychology for Vision - Seeing in Three Dimensions
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The Psychology for Vision - Multisensory Perpection: Combining Senses
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Memory and Attention - Overview: An Information-Processing Model of the Mind
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Memory and Attention - Attention: The Portal of Consciousness
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Memory and Attention - Working Memory: The Active, Conscious Mind
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Memory and Attention - Executive Functions
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Memory and Attention - Memory as the Representation of Knowledge
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Memory and Attention - Memory as the Process of Remembering
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Memory and Attention - Retrieving Information from Long-Term Memory
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Solving Problems: Reasoning and Intelligence - How People Reason I: Fast and Slow Thinking, Analogies and Induction
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Solving Problems: Reasoning and Intelligence - How People Reason II: Deduction and Insight
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Solving Problems: Reasoning and Intelligence - Cross-Cultural Differences in Perception and Reasoning
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Solving Problems: Reasoning and Intelligence - The Practice and Theory of Intelligence Testing
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The Development of Body, Thought and Language - Physical Development
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The Development of Body, Thought and Language - Three Theories of Children's Mental Development - An information-processing perspective on mental development
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The Development of Body, Thought and Language - Children's Understanding of Minds
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The Development of Body, Thought and Language - The Nature of Language and Children's Early Linguistic Abilities - Universal characteristics of human language
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The Development of Body, Thought and Language - Internal and External Supports for Language Development
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Social Development - Infancy: Using Caregivers as a Base for Growth
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Social Development - Helping, Comforting and Learning from Others in Childhood
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Social Development - Parenting Styles
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Social Development - The Roles of Play and Gender in Development
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Social Development - Adolescence: Breaking Out of the Cocoon
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Social Development - Adulthood: Finding Satisfaction in Love and Work
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Social Perception and Attributes - Forming Impressions of Other People
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Social Perception and Attributes - Perceiving and Evaluating the Self
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Social Perception and Attributes - Perceiving Ourselves and Others as Member of Groups
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Social Perception and Attributes - Attitudes: Their Origins and Their Effects on Behavior - Relationships of attitudes to behavior: distinction between explicit and implicit attitudes
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Social Perception and Attributes - Attitudes: Their Origins and Their Effects on Behavior - The origins of attitudes, and methods of persuasion
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Social Influences on Behavior - Effects of Being Observed and Evaluated
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Social Influences on Behavior - Effects of Others' Examples and Opinions
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Social Influences on Behavior - Effects of Others' Requests
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Social Influences on Behavior - To Cooperate or Not: Prosocial Behavior and the Dilemma of Social Life
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Personality - Personality as Behavioral Dispositions or Traits
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Personality - Personality as Adaptation to Life Conditions
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Personality - Personality as Mental Processes I: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Views
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Personality - Personality as Mental Processes II: Social-Cognitive Views - Beliefs viewed as personality traits
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Personality - Personality as Mental Processes II: Social-Cognitive Views - The idea of situation-specific personality traits
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Personality - Personality as Mental Processes II: Social-Cognitive Views - Cross-cultural differences in personality
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Mental Disorders - Problems in Identifying Mental Disorders
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Mental Disorders - Causes of Mental Disorders
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Mental Disorders - Anxiety Disorders - Phobias
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Mental Disorders - Mood Disorders - Depressive disorders
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Mental Disorders - Schizophrenia
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Mental Disorders - Personality Disorders
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Treatment - Biological Treatments
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Treatment - Psychotherapy I: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Therapies
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Treatment - Psychotherapy II: Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies
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Treatment - Evaluating Psychotherapies
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Statistical Appendix